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– Keep landing light on during circuits
• Downwind
– 50% instruments, 50% visual
– Pre landing checks, turn on landing light, check windsock
– Align compass to DG
• Base
– 75% visual, 25% instruments
• Final
– 100% visual
– Use RWY lighting for approach guidance
Air Exercise
• Landing
– RWY lights at shoulder level, power to IDLE
– Watch end lights and use peripheral vision to
judge FLARE and HOLDOFF
ON PROFILE BELOW PROFILE ABOVE PROFILE
Air Exercise
• Circuits
– Normal Circuits
– Flapless circuits
• Aircraft Lighting Failures
– Landing light failure
– Instrument panel lighting failure
– Full aircraft electrical failure
• Airport Lighting Failures
– Attempt to activate PAL, continue transmitting three
second pulses
– Check PAL Frequency
– Land at another aerodrome with lighting
– Need ERSA, VTC and VNC
PITOT / STATIC SYSTEMS
Aim
To understand the principles of operation behind a
pitot / static system, considering the possible
errors and limitations involved.
Application
• Used when relying on the pressure instruments.
• ASI, ALT and VSI.
Overview
Revision
Static Pressure
• pressure due to weight of air molecules
pushing down. Reduces with increased
altitude.
Revision
Dynamic Pressure
• pressure due to relative movement.
Depends on density and velocity.
Total Pressure
• PT =
Definitions
• Static Vent
Definitions
• Pitot Tube
Definitions
• Alternate Static Source
Principles
Principles
• Airspeed Indicator
Principles
Principles
• Altimeter
Principles
Principles
• Vertical Speed Indicator
Principles
• VSI
Considerations
Instrument Errors
• due to imperfections in the design and
installation.
Instrument Lag
• response time of pressure instruments can be
slow due to long lines or rapid pressure
changes.
Position Error
• poor design and placement of vents may not be
representative of the free atmospheric pressure.
Considerations - Review
• Blockages
Descent
Static Climb
Blockage
Descent - -
Pitot Climb - -
Blockage
ASI ALT VSI
Over read
Under read
Under read
Over read Over read
Under read Zero
Zero
Airmanship
• Know where the alternate static source is
located
• Always check pitot and static vents during
pre-flight
Review
PROPELLERS
Aim
• To understand the principles and
considerations in a propeller producing
thrust.
Application
• All stages of flight where the engine is
running
Overview
• Definitions
• Principles
– Effect of Airspeed
– Effect of Rotational Velocity
– Blade Twist
– Efficiency
• Considerations
• Airmanship
Definitions
Blade
• an aerofoil which
converts engine
power into thrust.
Definitions
Blade Face
• the flat side of the blade
• What you see from the cockpit
Blade Back
• the cambered side of the blade.
Definitions
Blade Angle
• the angle between the blade chordline and the plane of rotation.
Angle of Attack
• the angle between the chordline of the blade and the relative airflow.
Definitions
Helix Angle
• the angle between the resultant velocity of
the blade and the plane of rotation.
• Sometimes Referred to as “advance
angle”
Definitions
Fixed Pitch Propeller
• A propeller which the blade angle or
“pitch” cannot be changed
Definitions
Torque
• resistance to motion in the plane of
rotation.
• “Rotational Force”
Definitions
Engine Rotation Force
• Force that turns the propeller
Propeller Torque
• Produced by the drag of the propeller
blades
• Opposes the Rotation of the Propeller
Principles
For Constant Propeller RPM
• Propeller Torque = Engine Rotation Force
• Propeller Torque > Engine Rotation Force
– RPM Decreases
• Propeller Torque > Engine Rotation Force
– RPM Increases
Principles
　
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