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• Lookout
• Smooth but positive aircraft handling
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
• Awareness of spiral dive symptoms and
prompt recovery if necessary
Air Exercise
• Pre-Entry
– Trim for Straight and Level
– Select a reference point
– Lookout
– Check minimum entry speed (>80kt)
• Entry
– B
– B
– B
ank passing 30° AoB increase power
alance
ack Pressure large increase in backpressure
Air Exercise
• During
– A
– L
– A
– P
ttitude
ookout
ttitude
erformance
• Exit
– B
– B
– B
ank passing 30° AoB reduce power
alance
ack Pressure release back pressure
Air Exercise
Spiral dive recovery
1. Reduce power to idle
2. Ease wings to level
3. Ease out of dive, to the climb attitude
4. At 100KIAS, increase power
5. Climb away
Do not attempt to ease out of a dive
UNTIL the wings are level
Air Exercise
• Attitudes
Type of propellers
In designing propellers, the maximum performance of the airplane for all
condition of operation from takeoff, climb, cruising, and high speed. The
propellers may be classified under eight general types as follows:
1. Fixed pitch: The propeller is made in one piece. Only one pitch
setting is possible and is usually two blades propeller and is often made of
wood or metal.
Wooden Propellers : Wooden propellers were used almost exclusively
on personal and business aircraft prior to World War II .A wood propeller is
not cut from a solid block but is built up of a number of seperate layers of
carefully selected .any types of wood have been used in making propellers,
but the most satisfactory are yellow birch, sugar mable, black cherry, and
black walnut. The use of lamination of wood will reduce the tendency for
propeller to warp. For standard one-piece wood propellers, from five to nine
seperate wood laminations about 3/4 in. thick are used.
Metal Propellers : During 1940 , solid steel propellers were made for
military use. Modern propellers are fabricated from high-strength , heattreated,
aluminum alloy by forging a single bar of aluminum alloy to the
required shape. Metal propellers is now extensively used in the construction
of propellers for all type of aircraft. The general appearance of the metal
propeller is similar to the wood propeller, except that the sections are
generally thinner.
2. Ground adjustable pitch: The pitch setting can be adjusted only
with tools on the ground before the engine is running. This type of
propellers usually has a split hub. The blade angle is specified by the aircraft
specifications. The adjustable - pitch feature permits compensation for the
location of the flying field at various altitudes and also for variations in the
characteristics of airplanes using the same engine. Setting the blade angles
by loosened the clamps and the blade is rotated to the desired angle and then
tighten the clamps.
3. Two-position : A propeller which can have its pitch changed from
one position to one other angle by the pilot while in flight.
4. Controllable pitch: The pilot can change the pitch of the propeller in
flight or while operating the engine by mean of a pitch changing mechanism
that may be operated by hydraulically.
5. Constant speed : The constant speed propeller utilizes a hydraulically
or electrically operated pitch changing mechanism which is controlled by
governor. The setting of the governor is adjusted by the pilot with the rpm
lever in the cockpit. During operation, the constant speed propeller will
automatically changs its blade angle to maintain a constant engine speed. If
engine power is increase, the blade angle is increased to make the propeller
absorb the additional power while the rpm remain constant. At the other
position, if the engine power is decreased, the blade angle will decrease to
make the blades take less bite of air to keep engine rpm remain constant.
The pilot select the engine speed required for any particular type of
operation.
6. Full Feathering : A constant speed propeller which has the ability to
turn edge to the wind and thereby eliminate drag and windmilling in the
event of engine failure. The term Feathering refers to the operation of
rotating the blades of the propeller to the wind position for the purpose of
stopping the rotation of the propeller to reduce drag. Therefore , a Feathered
blade is in an approximate in-line-of-flight position , streamlined with the
　
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