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the detail design. In very large companies, like Boeing or Airbus, the conceptual design is made by a
specific group of engineers trained for this job. Their job is to find the optimum aircraft configuration to
fulfill the customer’s specifications. No prejudice, every solution must be considered to be feasible. At
the end of their work, the aircraft general layout is frozen. No major modification can be done without
the risk of scrapping the whole project. It is often mentioned that 95% of the development costs are
determined by the choices made during the conceptual design phase. During the preliminary and
detail phase, more and more specialists come into play and the level of detail is steadily increased.
During the conceptual design, you start from specifications, your own specifications, or specifications
coming from a customer, and the objective is to determine the main characteristics of the aircraft, its
dimensions and how much power is needed to reach the expected performances.
Optimal Aircraft Design
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Rue de l’Yser, 31 Fax.: (32) 81 21 26 87 Banque : ING 363-0097122-65
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When you plan to design something new, the first thing you have to do is to look around you to seek
something similar to the thing you plan to design. And you will analyze it in detail. After analysis, you
will know everything about its performances, dimensions, masses, aerodynamics, quality and so on.
This analysis is vital for both the engineer and salesman. The engineer will come up with an order of
magnitude, the salesman will be able to better compare the new product with its competitors.
Then, the next step is to design the aircraft. In this phase, starting from specifications you will have to
find the characteristics of the aircraft, its dimensions and how much power is necessary to reach the
expected performances. You will find the characteristics of the aircraft (dimensions and power) but are
you sure that they are the optimal characteristics, the characteristics that fulfill in an optimal way to the
specifications. Certainly not!
You play with a large number of parameters. You will be very lucky to immediately find the optimal
combination of these parameters. It is then necessary to make an optimization in order to find the best
combination.
It is also very useful to visualize on a 3D model the new design in order to make a rapid control and to
check that there is no interference between the different parts of the aircraft.
With ADS, You can do all of this very quickly and efficiently in the same software.
Demo
ADS is a windows application. You have the main window. On the left-hand side you have a direct
access menu to go, with a single click, to the main modules. On the right-hand side you have the
tutorial that explains how to tour the software, and you have the On-line help window that helps you to
enter the information in the data acquisition windows.
The first module, remember the design process, is the Analysis module. In this module, we analyze in
detail an existing aircraft in order to know its characteristics. If you fill out all of the field, ADS will be
able to compute lots of very useful information: the aerodynamic quality of the whole aircraft, the
specific weights, the specific drag, the propeller characteristics and efficiency, and so on. Look at the
On-line help window. And let’s go to the Wing, Trailing edge devices acquisition window. You have to
select the TED Type. The On-line help gives you the right definition of the term, the units in use, some
historical values, shows you a drawing, writes an equation if the information you have to enter is the
result of an equation, and gives you additional information about the term. Before starting the run, let’s
have a look at the performances window. In cruise we only entered the flight speed, weight and
altitude. Let’s start the run. The results of the whole aircraft are displayed in the first window. But you
can also display the information related to a specific item. Let’s have a look on the wing. Let’s have a
look on the weight. The specific weights have been calculated. Let’s have a look on the performances
in cruise. Remember, you only entered 3 items (speed, weight, altitude) and because it has been able
to compute the total wetted area of the aircraft, it can compute a lot of additional things like the
propeller characteristics (efficiency, …), the aerodynamic efficiency, the specific drags.
Now let’s have a look again at the acquisition windows. You probably ask yourself: “where can I find
　
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