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• involves second or third degree burns, or any burns
affecting more than 5 % of the body surface
• involves verified exposure to infectious substances
or injurious radiation
Substantial Damage: Damage or failure which adversely
affects the structural strength, performance, or
flight characteristics of the aircraft, and which would
normally require major repair or replacement of the
affected component. Engine failure or damage limited
to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged, bent
fairings or cowling, dented skin, small punctured holes
in the skin or fabric, ground damage to rotor or propeller
blades, and damage to landing gear, wheels, tires,
flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wingtips are not
considered substantial damage.
Cause: Actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a
combination thereof, which led to the accident or incident
Although no passengers or crew were injured, this
picture illustrates an accident because the aircraft
sustained substantial damage due to the failure of the
nose gear to extend.
This Airbus A319 was involved in an incident damaging
the wingtip (and was subsequently removed). The
event was written up as an “Aircraft incident” because
the damage did not fit into the category of
“substantial damage.”
The damage to this MD-80 is considered substantial
because of the effects the damage had on the structural
strength, performance, and flight characteristics.
The damage to this particular aircraft was considered
beyond economic repair.
Aircraft Accident Investigation 5
Investigative Organizations
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
This is an independent board charged with investigating
all civil and certain public use aircraft in the United
States. In the United States, the NTSB may delegate
certain investigations to the FAA for investigation.
There are similar independent boards or groups in Canada,
England, Australia, New Zealand, and several
other countries.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
The FAA is the US government agency responsible for
aviation safety in the United States, not investigation.
Their principle areas of concern are violations of Federal
Air Regulations (FARs) and deficiencies in FAA
systems or procedures. The FAA may be called upon as
a party to the investigation or may be handed the investigation
entirely by the NTSB.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
ICAO is an organization that sets the ground rules for
member nations involved in an aircraft accident involving
another member nation. The rules are defined by
ICAO Annex 13.
The Military
The military has complete jurisdiction over accidents
occurring on military installations. Off the military installation,
jurisdiction reverts to the local law enforcement
structure unless the military can declare the accident
scene a national security area.
Other organizations that might be involved
• OSHA (if the accident involved ground operations)
• Aircraft owner / operator
• EPA
• FBI
• United States Customs Service
• Insurance companies
History
Air Commerce Act 1926
Established the requirement to investigate accidents
Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938
Established a three member Air Safety Board for accident
investigation.
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) amendment (1940)
Charged with all civil aviation regulations and the investigation
of accidents.
Federal Aviation Act of 1958
Created the Federal Aviation Administration and regulated
the CAB to economic regulation and accident investigation.
Department of Transportation Act (1966)
Established the NTSB under the DOT
Independent Safety Board Act (1974)
Redefined the NTSB as an independent, non-regulatory
organization
1994 Amendment
NTSB now investigates certain public use aircraft accidents
THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
SAFETY BOARD
Highlights from CFR Title 49 Part 800
NTSB Overview
The Organization:
The Board itself is composed of five persons appointed
by the President for terms of five years. One of them is
appointed Chairman for a term of two years. A Vice-
Chairman is likewise appointed for two years. Each
appointee must be confirmed by the Senate.
The Organization itself consists of about 400 employees
with offices in Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas
/ Fort Worth, Denver, Los Angeles, Miami, Parsippany
(NJ), Seattle, and Washington D.C. (headquarters).
*** See the organizational chart on page 9 (figure 1).
　
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