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DS=Duststorm.
Cloud
Up to 4 cloud groups, in ascending
order of bases, and cumulative, based
on the amount of the sky covered, in
eighths, or oktas. The cloud ceiling is the
height of the first layer that is broken
or overcast. The first group is the
lowest individual layer; the second
the next of more than 2 oktas and
the third the next higher of more
than 4 oktas. A group has 3 letters
for the amount (FEW = 1 to 2
oktas, SCT, or scattered = 3 to 4
oktas; BKN, or broken, = 5 to 7
oktas, and OVC, or overcast = 8
oktas) and 3 for the height of the
cloud base in hundreds of feet above
aerodrome level. For clear sky, this
will be SKC. VV means the vertical
visibility in hundreds of feet which, if
you get it at all, means an obscured
ceiling. CB means thunderstorms and
is added as necessary.
Significant Changes
In addition to FM and the time (see
above) significant changes may be
indicated by BECMG (becoming)
followed by a four-figure group
showing the beginning and ending of
the period when change is expected.
The change is permanent, and will
occur at an unspecified time within
it. TEMPO (temporarily) will
similarly be followed by a 4-figure
time group, indicating temporary
fluctuations in forecast conditions
which may last less than 1 hour or
less than half the period indicated in
total. PROB (probability) signifies a
Weather 149
significant change, 30 or 40%,
followed by a time group, or a
change and time group, e.g. PROB
30 0507 0800FG BKN004.
METARs
In North America, heights are in
feet, with °F in USA.
Message Type
METAR means a routine actual
weather report. SPECI means a
significant change off the hour.
Station Identifier
4-letter ICAO indicator for
aerodrome, plus time of observation
in UTC.
Winds
The first three numbers are the
direction to the nearest 10° and the
next two the speed in knots. G
means Gusts. 000000KT is calm,
VRB means variable, less than 3 kts.
Visibility
In statute miles and fractions.
Runway Visual Range (RVR)
10 minute average when visibility is
below 1 sm, and/or RVR less than
6,000'. D means a downward trend,
U is Up and N means no change.
Present Weather
Any precipitation. A minus (-) means
light, no sign is moderate, and +
means heavy. It is described in 7
ways, such as SH for showers, DR
for drifting, FZ for freezing, MI for
shallow, BL for blowing and BC for
batches. See TAFs for other codes.
Cloud
Up to 4 cloud groups, in ascending
order of bases, and cumulative, based
on the amount of the sky covered, in
eighths, or oktas. The cloud ceiling is the
height of the first layer that is broken
or overcast. The first group is the
lowest individual layer; the second
the next of more than 2 oktas and
the third the next higher of more
than 4 oktas. A group has 3 letters
for the amount (FEW = 1 to 2
oktas, SCT, or scattered = 3 to 4
oktas; BKN, or broken, = 5 to 7
oktas, and OVC, or overcast = 8
oktas) and 3 for the height of the
cloud base in hundreds of feet above
aerodrome level. For clear sky, this
will be SKC. VV means vertical
visibility in hundreds of feet which, if
you get it at all, means there is an
obscured ceiling. CB = thunderstorms
and is added as necessary. Clouds
may cover the sky, but not conceal it
if transparent, hence the term opacity.
The concealed amount without
layers is in the total below.
Temperature and Dewpoint
In degrees Celsius, separated by an
oblique stroke. A negative value is
indicated by an M in front of the
appropriate digits, e.g. 10/03 or
‘01/MOI’
Pressure Setting
A=inches of mercury, Q is
hectopascals.
Recent Weather
That seen since the last report, but
not currently relevant, with the
standard present weather code
preceded by the indicator ‘RE’, e.g.
‘RETS’.
150 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
Windshear
Included if windshear is reported in
the lowest 1600', in the approach or
departure path, beginning with WS.
Remarks
RMK. Cloud layer types and opacity
in eighths concealed and sea level
pressure in three digits. If you need
hectopascals, place 9 or 10 before
the code and a decimal point before
the last digit.
Auto
Occurs when the reading is done by
a machine, which must be certified
(some items may be missing).
　
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