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valves directly, that is, without a
complicated linkage that can be a
real limitation as to how fast the
engine can go. It is extremely
important to check the cam chain or
belt regularly, because it also stops
valves falling into the cylinders and
welding themselves to the pistons.
There are reasons why it's a good
idea to open valves at a different
time than top dead centre – one is
that it helps with unleaded fuel, as
mentioned above. Another is that an
engine is complicated, with a lot
happening in a short time, and some
anticipation here and there doesn't
go amiss. Opening early is called
valve lead, and being late is called valve
lag. When open at the same time,
you get valve overlap.
Ignition is automatically advanced as
RPM increases, and retarded when a
light aircraft starts up (the spark is
intensified as well). This is done with
an impulse starter, which uses a coiled
spring, or a low tension booster and
retard breaker.
The Carburettor
This is a device that mixes fuel and
air in the correct proportions,
vapourises it and delivers it to the
cylinders via the inlet manifold (that is,
an inlet that serves manifold, or many,
cylinders). It makes use of the venturi
principle, already discussed in Principles
of Flight, which states that as the
speed of air increases over a
restriction, the corresponding
pressure reduces.
The fuel nozzle, which is connected
directly to the fuel system, is inside
Airframes, Engines & Systems 203
the low pressure area, so the fuel in
the line is sucked out and vapourised
as it is forced to expand (this also
cools the area, so be careful with
carburettor icing, which can form
well in advance of any other type). In
fact, if you could make one small
enough, there's no reason why you
couldn't use an air conditioning unit
to achieve the same effect.
Just before the carburettor ends and
the inlet manifold begins is a butterfly
valve, which is controlled directly by
the throttle. When the throttle is
closed, the butterfly valve is closed,
and vice versa (although better
vapourisation and atomization can
be obtained if fuel is introduced
through holes in the butterfly –
check out the Fish Carburettor, which
was invented to stop fuel wastage
when a car was thrown around).
Even when the butterfly is fully
open, though, there is still resistance
to the flow of fuel from its sideways
presentation. New car engines have
eliminated it altogether by making
the throttle increase the inlet valve
opening time to get the same effect.
Anyhow, when the butterfly is
closed, the engine still needs to be
fed with fuel, so there is an idle jet
that bypasses it to keep the engine
idling. It also helps the venturi, since
the airflow at idle is quite small (the
jet is actually a hole next to the
butterfly, and it's sometimes called
the slow running jet). Also, when you
need power in a hurry, there is a
small lag due to inertia between the
time you open the throttle and the
time the engine starts to speed up,
because the air supply responds
more quickly than the fuel, which
gives you a weak cut (a momentarily
weak mixture), so a small squirt of
fuel is delivered separately to
compensate for this, from an
accelerator pump. When starting an
engine from cold, therefore, resist
the temptation to pump the throttle,
because all you will do is flood it
with large drops of fuel. A better
tactic, if you need the throttle open,
is to do so very slowly, so the pump
doesn't kick in.
Because aeroplanes go up, and
because air gets less plentiful at
height, there is a danger of the
fuel/air mixture getting out of
balance as you climb. A mixture that
has too much fuel against air is rich,
while one the other way round is
weak. The mixture control is provided
to adjust for this – for example, you
would have it set fully rich for
takeoff and landing. At height, the
engine will not work at all if the ratio
of fuel to air is not correct.
Leaning makes the engine run hotter
and give you more power for less
fuel; a 112 hp aircraft cruising at
4000 feet and 85 knots will burn 5
gallons an hour when rich, but only
4.5 when leaned, giving a range of
116 miles as opposed to 100—a
saving, or an increase, of 16%.
Although you could lean off slightly
in the climb for better economy,
never take off with reduced power
　
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