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communications incident citations
involved some ATC-related infraction
or violation of FARs. Most often this
was non-compliance with a clearance
(51 percent of citations), but more
than a third of all citations also
involved clearance-related ground
hazards, such as runway incursions
(22 percent) and ground conflicts (10
percent). Aircraft damage was reported
in 13 percent of citations.
Although the study’s report selection
criteria had required that there be
direct reference to verbal communications
between instructor and trainee,
no such requirement existed regarding
ATC communications. The large
number of ATC-related consequences
was therefore unexpected. We believe
that the high incidence of missed ATC
clearances in the study set, and reporters’
failure to comply with various
clearance requirements, directly relate
to several other patterns observed in
the data: (1) the concentration of dual
instruction incidents on or near
airports, especially tower-controlled
airports with their demanding communications
requirements; and (2) the
operational context in which dual
instruction often occurs, specifically,
the simultaneous occurrence of
internal verbal or external radio
communications with aircraft maneuvers
and demonstrations.
It is clear that dual instruction
places heavy demands on the attention
management and communications
skills of both instructor and
trainee, and that lapses in concentration
may result in reduced situational
awareness and safety consequences.
Summary and Conclusions
General Aviation flight instruction
presents an environment with unique
external and intracockpit communications
requirements. This research
identified key communications factors
that contributed to incidents in the
study set. The research team also
developed some possible approaches
to resolving the communications
problems identified.
Situation
Almost half of all communicationsrelated
dual instruction incidents
occurred within, or near, an airport
environs, at an altitude less than 1,000
feet AGL. Ongoing communications
with Tower were a prominent element
of both ground and airborne incidents.
Suggestion
• In preflight briefings and ground
instruction, instructors may wish
to raise trainees’ awareness that
airport surface operations are
vulnerable to safety incidents
during dual instruction. They
Issue Number 10 21
should also consider emphasizing
the importance of standard phraseology
in communications with
ATC, and the active monitoring of
ATC frequencies—especially Tower
frequencies.
Situation
Trainees often delayed actions or
acted inappropriately because instructors
made confusing or misleading
comments, misinterpreted trainees’
comments, or delayed or withheld
feedback on maneuvers.
Suggestion
• Our study data suggest the need for
additional curriculum and training
to improve the clarity, economy,
and judgment of priority of verbal
communications in dual training,
especially for flight instructors.
Trainees need to be able to express
doubt or uncertainty, and also to
admit mistakes. But it is also
helpful for instructors to remember
that every word counts–as well as
the timing of training-related
critiques. For example, it is more
effective for an instructor to say
“turn left 90 degrees,” than to ask,
“where are you going?” as the
aircraft enters controlled airspace
without a required clearance.
• Instructors should consider delaying
critiques until after tiedown,
whenever possible. This will allow
maximum attention to be given to
other aircraft operations, compliance
with taxi clearances, runway
and taxiway markings and signs,
pedestrian activity (at non-tower
fields), and aircraft equipment
operating procedures. Instructors
may make summary notes in-flight
for use in post-flight debriefings.
These notes may be reviewed prior
to the next lesson’s flight to reinforce
instructional focus.
Situation
One in five study reports noted
problems with communications equipment
that contributed to the incident.
Suggestion
• The detection during preflight of
aircraft equipment problems,
especially with “renter installed”
communications equipment such
as intercoms and push-to-talk
switches, can serve as a caution to
　
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