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timely manner (timing is
important). For example, it is
probably not a good idea to
mention an expect altitude at
the same time that two aircraft
with minimum vertical separation
are about to pass each other.
✈ Establish a good hearback habit
so that flawed information
transfer can be corrected during
the readback/hearback process
— before an incident occurs.
18 Issue Number 4
THE
STERILE
COCKPIT by Robert L. Sumwalt
It’s no secret. When a flight crew’s attention is diverted from the task of flying,
the chance of error increases. Over the years there have been dozens of air
carrier accidents that occurred when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand
and became occupied with items totally unrelated to flying. Consequently, important
things were missed. Things like setting the flaps prior to takeoff, or extending the landing
gear before landing. Things like monitoring altitude on an instrument approach, or using
engine anti-ice for takeoff during a blinding snow storm.
In 1981 the FAA enacted FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100 to help curb
the number of these accidents. Commonly known as the “sterile
cockpit rule,” these regulations specifically prohibit crew member
performance of non-essential duties or activities while the aircraft is
involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight operations
conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. (See the box
for FAR 121.542 and 135.100 on Page 19.)
It’s unrealistic to expect a crew to fly together for several days and
never discuss anything except items related to flying the aircraft. In
fact, experts have demonstrated that in order to be most effective,
crews need to talk — even if it is just merely “get to know you” sort of
chat. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because it clearly defines
when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and tend strictly
to the task at hand — that of safely operating the aircraft.
In spite of the existence of the sterile cockpit rule over the past
decade, pilots have continued to have accidents and serious incidents
that perhaps could have been prevented. For the most part, disobeying
the rule is not intentional. It just happens. But as this review
shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious.
Truly, the sterile cockpit needs to be cleaned up.
This reviewer used the ASRS database to find
specific examples of problems related to noncompliance
with the sterile cockpit rule. We
carefully reviewed 63 reports that had been
previously coded by analysts as having some
relevance to the sterile cockpit rule. Here is a
synopsis of the problems that we found that could
be attributed to sterile cockpit violations:

48% were altitude deviations

14% were course deviations

14% were runway transgressions

14% were general distractions with no
specific adverse consequences

8% involved takeoffs or landings without
clearance

2% involved near mid-air collisions due to
inattention and distractions.
Issue Number 4 19
And in the other ASRS submission:
“This very senior Captain was about to leave on a
Scuba diving trip and talked nonstop to the
female jump seat rider upon discovering she was
also a diver...This [altitude deviation] could have
been prevented entirely if this particular
Captain…[had paid] attention to his job and
observe[d] some approximation of the sterile
cockpit below 10,000 feet.”
(ACN 119289)
The connotation “extraneous conversation” does
not always have to imply just those persons on
board the aircraft. Look at how extraneous chatter
with air traffic controllers introduced problems for
these crews. Air traffic controllers, take notice:
“We turned base to final. Tower talked about
mutual acquaintances and local weather. On
final, at about 2500 MSL, we realized we lined
up for the wrong field...First mistake: getting
involved in conversation with [the] Tower
operator...” (ACN 108035)
And in another incident:
“At the outer marker...with thunderstorms in
progress, reported wind shear and heavy rain
...the tower insisted on knowing if our gate was
open. We told him we were too busy to find out, he
persisted with claims of needing to know where to
put us on the ground once we landed. We attempted
once to try to contact the company but
failed due to frequency congestion... We were
distracted by the tower’s request for non-pertinent
info during the sterile period... This
　
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