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addressed, said the study.
Aircraft manufacturers typically provided the following
immediate-action evacuation recommendations for emergency
water landings, said the study.
• “Direct passengers away from unusable exits;
• “Retrieve [emergency locator transmitters (ELTs)] from
airplane storage locations and carry [them] aboard [a]
raft;
• “Retrieve [the] survival kit;
• “Tie [the ELT] to [a] raft and deploy [the ELT], if
equipped;
• “Direct [the] first evacuees to move to center seating
areas as they enter [a] raft;
• “Keep weight distribution even [in rafts];
• “Ensure that the airplane is fully evacuated;
• “Release slide/raft[s] from [the] airplane by releasing
the girt attachment and disconnecting or cutting [the]
mooring line;
• “Guide evacuees in the water to raft-boarding stations
and bring [them] aboard [rafts];
• “Toss [a] heavy line to any evacuees who may be
floundering in water;
• “Move rafts [away] from fuel-saturated waters, but stay
in the vicinity of the airplane until it sinks;
• “Attend to serious injuries;
• “Check [the] condition of [the] raft (repair, bail or dry
[the raft] as necessary);
• “Connect two or more rafts using [the] sea-anchor line;
[and,]
• “Deploy [the] sea anchor.”
The study said, “Care [of] the life raft is the most common
instruction. Some detail is given regarding [raft] repair, proper
inflation and keeping the raft floor dry. Some manuals also
note that the rafts are equipped with locator lights, but it is not
clarified that the lights are water-activated. Sea-anchor
deployment is referred to, but not explained. The installation
of the raft canopy is addressed, although it is noted in some
training materials that, if the raft should capsize with the canopy
deployed, the raft would be impossible to right. No advice is
offered for coping with this circumstance, and it is implied
that this occurrence would create a nonsurvivable situation. It
is suggested that the raft lifeline could be used to secure
survivors in the water until they can be assisted aboard the
raft.”
The researchers found that minimal attention was given to
water-survival issues in the training materials reviewed. The
materials said that passengers should keep their life jackets on
and stay low in the raft, that first aid should be administered,
and that reassurance concerning rescue should be given to
survivors.
The study identified the following deficiencies in the
recommendations of aircraft manufacturers regarding
emergency water landings. Nevertheless, as discussed in the
following section, some of the missing topics — such as how
to don life vests and how to distribute weight evenly in rafts
— were found in airline training materials reviewed.
• “The preditching communication guidelines give
no directions related to [aircraft-crewmember]
communication nor instructions for unplanned water
landings;
• “Basic information on evacuation is identified but not
explained. Adverse conditions such as disabled exits,
fuselage breakup, equipment malfunction, poor lighting,
evacuation of injured persons, passenger disorientation,
rising water, poor communication and environmental
stressors are not addressed. There are also no instructions
given for such activities as donning life vests or how to
distribute weight evenly in rafts;
• “No detailed information for usage of emergency
equipment is provided. … ;
• “The airframe manufacturers’ materials offer no
information on the subject of survival. … ; [and,]
• “Procedures for actual rescue, a description of rescue
devices, and important tips for rescue equipment usage
are not provided.
Examples of Airline Training
Materials Provide More Detail
In the United States, airlines must provide cabin crewmembers
FAA-approved initial training that includes safety-related
subjects and proficiency testing on various emergency skills.
6 FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 1998
Cabin crewmembers also are required by FAA to attend annual
recurrent training to demonstrate skills and competence in
emergency procedures, ditching and water survival, said the
study. The researchers found similar content among flightattendant-
training manuals concerning water evacuation,
including the need for careful evaluation of the emergency
　
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