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survival kits aboard rafts.
“Typical duties [to be assigned by cabin crewmembers] include
signaling, being the lookout [for rescue vessels and aircraft],
collecting drinking water, rationing food and bailing water,”
said the study. “First aid specific to the aquatic environment is
not covered in the ditching and water-survival portion of most
of the training manuals, since general first aid is included in
the training syllabus … . Other significant issues not covered
in the flight-attendant training manuals include hazardous
marine life, adverse sea conditions, severe injuries, shock,
seasickness, saltwater sores, sun blindness, personal hygiene
and mental attitude. …
“None of the airlines included rescue [as a topic] in the training
manuals, nor did they report [that they incorporated] the
information anywhere else in the [standard cabin-crewmember]
training curriculum. The only instruction given on this subject
… is to wait in the raft until guidance is received from rescue
personnel.”
FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 1998 7
The study provided the following suggestions to improve
airline training for emergency water landings.
• “Information on preditching communication provided
in the training manuals is adequate [for] a deliberate,
controlled landing of an aircraft on water with plenty of
time to prepare. … Better crew resource management
[CRM] techniques that provide enhanced [early
communication and] coordination among the [flight
crewmembers and cabin crewmembers], especially
during the early stages of [quickly developing]
emergencies, would be helpful … ;
• “Similar communication problems exist related to
confusing emergency signals. … Since different
emergency signals are taught by the airlines, retrained
[aircraft] crewmembers [and crewmembers added by
airline mergers or other operational arrangements] may
become confused about which signal should be
recognized as indicating an emergency. This potential
dilemma could be resolved if all airlines adopted a
universal emergency signal;
• “Information concerning the evacuation phase of
water-related accidents is limited [and] … offers no
detailed guidance concerning … damage [to] the aircraft
upon water impact. The expected flotation time of specific
aircraft models is not included in the in-flight manuals,
potentially producing poor [evacuation] decisions … ;
• “Each piece of emergency equipment is defined in the
training manuals; [nevertheless], differences in the contents,
storage locations, and specific operation of emergency
equipment [may make rapid, effective action difficult for
cabin crewmembers] who are qualified on multiple aircraft
… [or impede crewmembers in moving] stowed rafts to
exits or slide/rafts from unusable exits to accessible
doorways, even with the help of able-bodied passengers;
• “It is critical that all water-related emergency equipment
[notably survival manuals] be made of waterproof
materials. … ;
• “Incorporating pictures into the training materials, or
using video presentations, would also [provide cabin
crewmembers] a better [explanation] of proper
techniques. Differences in the instructions for equipment
usage and survival-kit contents should be rectified;
• “Presently, [FAA] Advisory Circular 120–47 suggests
[italics in original] contents for survival kits, but since
there is no [FAA] technical standard order (TSO) that
specifies content, survival kits differ from airplane to
airplane;
• “The issue of managing personal flotation is [confusing].
Life vests differ in style and function not only from
airplane to airplane, but they can also vary within the
same airplane. This [means] that the vest used for the
preflight briefing is, in some cases, different from the
vests that the passengers would use;
• “Among airlines, [cabin crewmembers] offer conflicting
advice to passengers on [when and how to use] life vests.
… The ‘correct’ procedure for proper inflation of life
vests needs to be established. Instructions for managing
elderly, injured or handicapped individuals are
insufficient for a water-related emergency. The system
of assigning a buddy could be very successful in
preparing children, [handicapped passengers] or [elderly
passengers] if procedures were adopted for effectively
establishing flotation of these individuals;
　
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