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The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration defi nes
V1 as “the maximum speed in the takeoff at which
the pilot must take the fi rst action (e.g., apply
brakes, reduce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to stop
the airplane within the accelerate-stop distance
[and] the minimum speed in the takeoff, following
a failure of the critical engine at VEF [the speed at
which the critical engine is assumed to fail during
takeoff], at which the pilot can continue the
takeoff and achieve the required height above the
takeoff surface within the takeoff distance.”
CORPORATE/BUSINESS
FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • FLIGHT SAFETY DIGEST • JUNE 2005 51
A C C I D E N T S / I N C I D E N T S
Wing Tanks Found Empty
After Forced Landing
Cessna 337C Skymaster. Substantial
damage. One fatality, one serious injury.
The airplane was 1,000 feet above ground
level during a visual approach to an airport
in Italy in daytime visual meteorological conditions
when the pilot reported a loss of power from
both engines.
The pilot received serious injuries and the passenger
was killed during the forced landing in a
corn fi eld. The report said that the main fuel tanks
were found empty and the auxiliary fuel tanks
were found full of fuel.
Engine Fails in
Landing Pattern
Aero Vodochody L-39ZO Albatros.
Damage not specified. No injuries.
Daytime visual meteorological conditions
prevailed when the pilot fl ew the former
military jet trainer into the landing pattern at an
airport in England. The private pilot had 1,574
fl ight hours, including 50 fl ight hours in type.
The report said that the pilot intended to conduct
a “run and break” pattern entry, fl ying the airplane
parallel to the runway before turning crosswind
to enter the downwind leg. There were 450 kilograms
(992 pounds) of fuel aboard the airplane;
the recommended minimum fuel quantity on the
downwind leg is 300 kilograms (662 pounds).
Indicated airspeed was 220 knots when the airplane
entered the pattern. The pilot moved the
throttle lever to idle and extended the speed brakes
when he began the turn onto the crosswind leg.
After airspeed decreased to 180 knots, he extended
the landing gear and moved the throttle lever to
a position corresponding to a normal thrust setting
and airspeed for approach. He decided to
leave the speed brakes extended until airspeed
decreased to 165 knots, the maximum airspeed
for fl ap extension.
The pilot then heard a change in the engine sound
and observed that the airplane was descending
through 850 feet above ground level (AGL); the
pattern altitude is 1,000 feet AGL. He moved the
throttle lever full forward, but the engine did not
respond. He declared mayday, a distress condition,
and reported that the engine had failed.
The pilot decided that not enough time was
available to attempt a restart and that altitude
was insuffi cient to eject, and fl ew the airplane
toward a recently harvested wheat field. The
airplane touched down fi rmly on the harvested
fi eld, struck a hedge and came to rest in a fi eld of
standing wheat.
“The nose gear collapsed, but the aircraft remained
structurally intact,” the report said.
The cause of the engine failure was not determined.
The report said that a contributing factor
might have been a seizure of the inlet directing
body (IDB) mechanism, which maintains stable
airflow between the low-pressure compressor
and the high-pressure compressor. The report
said that the seizure might have been prevented
by compliance with a service bulletin, issued by
the engine manufacturer (Ivchenko) in Russian
and Spanish in 1980, and recommending periodic
torque checks of the IDB mechanism.
Power Loss Leads to
Landing in Swamp
Piper PA-12 Super Cruiser. Damage not
specified. One minor injury.
The airplane was being fl own about 150 feet
above ground level and had been airborne
about 2.5 hours on a pipeline-inspection fl ight
in Canada when the engine began to run roughly.
The pilot, who had been using fuel from the right
auxiliary tank (the left auxiliary tank was empty),
selected the left main fuel tank. A power loss then
occurred.
The pilot selected the right main fuel tank but was
unable to restart the engine. The report said that he
conducted a forced landing in a slough (swamp).
The airplane overturned and partly submerged.
“The pilot was able to free himself as water entered
the cockpit,” the report said. “Reportedly,
　
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