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“It is important to understand how a new
system such as an EFB will affect workload
patterns,” says the report by aviation human
factors researchers. “Workload may
be decreased in some ways and increased
in other ways. Increased workload could
result from ineffi cient design of the software
or hardware, or even from limitations
in the fl exibility of using EFBs in relation
to paper documents.”26
The report says that the operator should
understand in advance how workload
patterns will change and should decide
whether the changes will be acceptable.
Any evaluation of the EFB-related workload
should consider the time required
to perform a specifi c task with an EFB,
compared to the time required without
an EFB. Related factors include the accessibility
of the EFB controls and the
EFB display, the amount of automation
provided by the EFB and characteristics
of the EFB software. Other considerations
are whether errors would be more likely
during periods of heavy workloads, how
difficult error-recovery would be and
whether efforts to resolve EFB problems
would be likely to distract pilots from
other tasks, the report says.
The report cites the following example:
An EFB may provide fl ight crews
with a new capability, such as completing
weight-and-balance calculations.
This new responsibility may
be in addition to the other tasks that
the fl ight crew is used to performing,
so in a sense, it is an increase in the
fl ight crew’s workload. Procedures
should ensure that the workload
associated with this type of new
task is acceptable. For example,
crews could be allowed to update
weight-and-balance computation
only while at the gate, rather than
during taxi, or they could use these
functions only to review or modify
calculations while taxiing.
The workload required to manipulate
electronic documents may exceed the
workload required to manipulate paper
documents. Although workload
might increase with electronic documents,
this negative quality is offset
by other factors, such as the improved
electronic search capabilities and the
fact that documents are typically referenced
in low workload conditions.
Overall, the net increase in workload
may be judged acceptable.
Instead of supporting new tasks, an
EFB may allow fl ight crews to perform
existing tasks more effi ciently,
such as looking up reference information
from a fl ight manual. In this
case, the design of the software-search
procedure can affect the risk of getting
lost in the process of searching for
information, or the risk of becoming
distracted by a search that results in
too many choices. An appropriate design
of the search procedure should
mitigate these risks.
It may be hard to fi nd a good viewing
position for a portable EFB that
shows electronic charts. The EFB is
less fl exible than paper in this sense.
The reduced fl exibility of positioning
an EFB may affect the pilot’s task by
FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • FLIGHT SAFETY DIGEST • JUNE 2005 7
‘ P A P E R L E S S C O C K P I T ’ P R O M I S E S A D V A N C E S
increasing head-down time, and as
a consequence, workload.
The report also recommends that air carriers
adopt policies explaining how crewmembers
should use EFBs and discussing
crew resource management, the potential
for distractions caused by EFBs and strategies
to be used to prevent distractions.
Adoption of an EFB policy establishes a
framework for developing procedures for
EFB use, the report says.
“To address crew coordination issues,
the policy should discuss who (the pilot
fl ying or the pilot not fl ying) should use
the device and under what conditions,”
the report says. “It should also address
monitoring and confirmation duties
of the crewmember who is not actively
using the EFB. If two EFB units are onboard,
the policy should also address any
cross-checking that is required. If the EFB
functions duplicate or overlap with other
functions or information sources on the
fl ight deck, the policy could describe the
operator’s philosophy for deciding which
information source is primary and which
are secondary.”
The report says that all pilots should be
profi cient in operating EFB equipment
before they are required to operate it during
fl ight, and training should provide instruction
on the operator’s EFB policy, as
　
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