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Urgency is defined as “a condition of being
concerned about safety and of requiring timely but
not immediate assistance; a potential distress
condition.”
Since most would agree on what constitutes a
distress condition (e.g. fire, mechanical failure,
structural damage), the challenge appears to be for
pilots and controllers to recognize when an
“urgent” condition justifies declaring an
emergency.
The Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) states:
“...Some are reluctant to report an urgency
condition when they encounter situations which
may not be immediately perilous, but are
potentially catastrophic.”
The following ASRS reports show that air traffic
controllers may have another viewpoint regarding
the need to use the “E”word.
“Roll the non-emergency equipment.”

Approximately 45 minutes into the flight, we got an
ECAM (Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor)
Hydraulic System Low Quantity indication followed by a
Hydraulic System Low Pressure.... I did the ECAM actions
then pulled out the flight handbook and reviewed the
action items.... Crew, dispatch, and maintenance agreed
that continuing to ZZZ was a safe course of action. I
requested that dispatch coordinate with the ATC
representative to get...at least a ten mile final to allow time
to lower flaps and gear and to assure use of the longest
runway due the winds and no nosewheel steering. I also
asked for the emergency equipment as the checklist led us
to believe that manual gear extension was not 100%
assured.... We had a normal touchdown, stopped using
brakes only, cleared the runway, and got towed to the
gate... We did not declare an emergency during this event.
From the First Officer’s report:

...My biggest concern, looking back on the incident, was
that we did not declare an emergency. We did ask for the
fire trucks. The possibility of gear collapse was not
specifically outlined in the flight manual. We only inferred
it from some of the notes when we read ahead to the
Partial Gear Irregular Checklist. By not declaring an
emergency, but then asking for the equipment to be
standing by, it seemed to cause some confusion for ATC.
The official ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)
word used to signify an aircraft in distress is, “MAYDAY.” A
B757 crew found that the word “Emergency” may not get the
desired results outside of U.S. airspace.
The “E” Word
Trust Me
“MAYDAY”
Additional information on Emergency terminology
and procedures can be found in FAR Section 91.3
and AIM Chapter 6.

...Diverted into ZZZ [South America] and declared an
emergency, but the non-English speaking controller didn’t
recognize what that meant. So, no standard services such as
priority handling, fire/rescue equipment, etc. were
provided.... The root cause of the problem was that the crew
was trained to use “Emergency” rather than “MAYDAY.”
Although the controllers made traffic adjustments to
accommodate this returning MD-80, it would have been
helpful for the crew to accommodate ATC with a little
more information.
Accommodating Controllers

...[Airline] Flight XXX advised the local controller that
they needed to return for landing. Local control worked
them into right traffic for Runway 28. The crew was asked
if they were declaring an emergency or needed assistance.
They replied, “No,” but traffic was sent around and/or
moved to another runway to accommodate them. After they
landed, it was discovered that smoke in the cabin was the
reason for the return. All of us in the tower would have felt
more comfortable knowing this and having the crew declare
an emergency or declaring it ourselves.

...[Destination] went below minimums. We decided to
divert. While on vectors to ZZZ1 Runway 31R, the weather
went below minimums. We were switched to Runway 4. On
final to Runway 4, ZZZ1 was closed to all traffic. ATC
asked our intentions. We responded that we needed to divert
to ZZZ2, which was still open, and declared “minimum
fuel” (we had 8,300 pounds). Approach control gave us a
vector for ZZZ2 and told us that they were declaring us a
“fuel emergency.” We responded that we were only stating,
“minimum fuel.” The controller said, “Trust me. Looking at
the traffic in your area, you need to be an emergency.” I trust
that the controller was correct in declaring the emergency.
We could not see the traffic that we would have been behind
　
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