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extent to which the flight time requirements of 2.3.3.1.1 can be
reduced accordingly.
2.3.3.1.2 The applicant shall have completed in aeroplanes
not less than 10 hours of solo flight time appropriate to
the class rating sought, under the supervision of an authorized
flight instructor, including 5 hours of solo cross-country flight
time with at least one cross-country flight totalling not less than
270 km (150 NM) in the course of which full-stop landings at
two different aerodromes shall be made.
2.3.3.2 Flight instruction
The applicant shall have received dual instruction in aeroplanes
appropriate to the class rating sought, from an authorized
flight instructor. The instructor shall ensure that the
applicant has operational experience in at least the following
areas to the level of performance required for the private pilot:
a) recognize and manage threats and errors;
Note.— Guidance material on the application of
threat and error management is found in the Procedures
Annex 1 — Personnel Licensing Chapter 2
23/11/06 2-6
for Air Navigation Services — Training (PANS-TRG,
Doc 9868), Chapter 3, Attachment C, and in Part II,
Chapter 2, of the Human Factors Training Manual
(Doc 9683).
b) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance
determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing;
c) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision
avoidance precautions and procedures;
d) control of the aeroplane by external visual reference;
e) flight at critically slow airspeeds; recognition of, and
recovery from, incipient and full stalls;
f) flight at critically high airspeeds; recognition of, and
recovery from, spiral dives;
g) normal and crosswind take-offs and landings;
h) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance)
take-offs; short-field landings;
i) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the
completion of a level 180° turn;
j) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead reckoning
and, where available, radio navigation aids;
k) emergency operations, including simulated aeroplane
equipment malfunctions;
l) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes,
compliance with air traffic services procedures;
and
m) communication procedures and phraseology.
Note.— The instrument experience specified in 2.3.3.2.1 i)
and the night flying dual instruction in 2.3.2.2 do not entitle
the holder of a private pilot licence to pilot aeroplanes under
IFR.
2.3.4 Specific requirements for the issue
of the helicopter category rating
2.3.4.1 Experience
2.3.4.1.1 The applicant shall have completed not less
than 40 hours of flight time, or 35 hours if completed during
a course of approved training, as a pilot of helicopters. The
Licensing Authority shall determine whether experience as a
pilot under instruction in a flight simulation training device is
acceptable as part of the total flight time of 40 hours or
35 hours, as the case may be. Credit for such experience shall
be limited to a maximum of 5 hours.
2.3.4.1.1.1 When the applicant has flight time as a pilot
of aircraft in other categories, the Licensing Authority shall
determine whether such experience is acceptable and, if so, the
extent to which the flight time requirements of 2.3.4.1.1 can be
reduced accordingly.
2.3.4.1.2 The applicant shall have completed in helicopters
not less than 10 hours of solo flight time under the supervision
of an authorized flight instructor, including 5 hours of
solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross-country
flight totalling not less than 180 km (100 NM) in the course of
which landings at two different points shall be made.
2.3.4.2 Flight instruction
2.3.4.2.1 The applicant shall have received not less than
20 hours of dual instruction time in helicopters from an authorized
flight instructor. The instructor shall ensure that the
applicant has operational experience in at least the following
areas to the level of performance required for the private pilot:
a) recognize and manage threats and errors;
Note.— Guidance material on the application of
threat and error management is found in the Procedures
for Air Navigation Services — Training (PANS-TRG,
Doc 9868), Chapter 3, Attachment C, and in Part II,
Chapter 2, of the Human Factors Training Manual
(Doc 9683).
b) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance
determination, helicopter inspection and servicing;
c) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision
avoidance precautions and procedures;
d) control of the helicopter by external visual reference;
　
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