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• Fuel samples
• Oil / hydraulic fluid samples
• Loose papers, maps, and charts
• Evidence of icing
• Runway condition
• Switch positions
• Control surface and trim tab positions
• FDRs and CVRs
• Ground scars
• Other perishables - anything that is likely to be
moved or destroyed before it can be investigated
Inventory the wreckage
This allows the investigator to notice any missing parts
or anything that should not be there
Begin a wreckage diagram
Helps to give an overall picture of the accident site
Develop a plan
Items to think about:
Aircraft Accident Investigation 13
• What is the immediate problem?
• Human remains and wreckage recovery
• Underwater / inaccessible wreckage
• The general direction of the field investigation
• Any possible reconstruction
ACCIDENT DIAGRAMS
Wreckage Diagramming
Typical items in an accident diagram include:
• Location references (roads, buildings, runways,
etc.)
• Direction and scale reference
• Elevations / contours (depending on the level of
detail)
• Impact heading / scars
• Location of human remains
• Location of major aircraft parts
• Burn areas
• Damage to buildings, structures, trees, etc.
• Location of eye witnesses
Diagramming methods
Grid systems
This is just what it states - a grid is transposed onto an
aerial view of the wreckage so that each piece of the
wreckage falls within a certain square. This helps identify
wreckage areas in harsh terrains or vegetation.
Polar system
In this system, the center of the wreckage site serves as
a reference point. From this point, major pieces of the
wreckage are plotted in relation to there direction and
distance form the central wreckage point
Single Point System
This system is similar to the polar system, except the
central point does not necessarily have to be the center
of the wreckage
Straight Line System
• This one of the more common and simpler forms of
diagramming available
• Select a starting point (usually the first impact
point), and make a straight line marking off every
50 feet (20 meters).
• After this, plot the major components of the aircraft
or anything else of important information relevant
to the straight line (see figure x)
Equipment
The following equipment may assist with the creation
of a wreckage distribution diagram:
• Linear measuring equipment: 100 foot tape measure
(cloth type is preferable)
• Vertical angle measuring equipment: air navigation
plotter
• Horizontal angle measuring equipment: magnetic
compass
• Plotting equipment: grid (graph) paper
Wreckage Inventory
A common phrase used by investigators to assure that
all major aircraft sections are accounted for is
“TESTED”
T: Tips
E: Engines
S: Surfaces
Figure X. Single Point Wreckage Diagram
T: Tail
E: External Devices
D: Doors
ACCIDENT PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography Background
Photography of aircraft accidents is used for two main
purposes.
1. Photography as evidence in recording medium
2. Photography as a memory aid
When taking photographs, investigators should first
answer the following questions:
• What am I trying to accomplish?
• Who is going to see the picture / video
• Should I take back up photo’s with other media?
• How should I incorporate photos / videos into my
report?
Equipment / Supplies
When choosing a camera and film, think of the purpose
you will be using it for.
The Camera
• 35mm SLR, “point and shoot”, Instant
• Auto-focus
• Lenses
• Flash
• Back-up
What to take with you into the field:
• Support Equipment
• Reference aids / markers
• Backup
• Other
Film
• Popular brands (don’t risk using a “cheap” brand)
• Note the ASA ratings / speed
• User requirements: print film or slides?
Exposure
• Auto-exposure
• ‘F’ Stop vs. speed vs. focal length
It is important that you be familiar with your camera
before you bring it into the field - in other words, do not
use your camera for the first time at the accident scene.
Taking the Pictures
What pictures should I take?
1. The cardinal rule - photograph the wreckage in
reference to the eight points of the compass
　
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