emergency and safety equipment carried. The validity period of an emergency and safety equipment check shall be 12 calendar months. 
(e)  
CRM training

(1)  
Elements of CRM shall be integrated into all appropriate phases of the recurrent training.

(2)  
Each flight crew member shall undergo specific modular CRM training. All major topics of CRM training shall be covered by distributing modular training sessions as evenly as possible over each three year period.

(f)  
Each flight crew member shall undergo ground training and flight training in an FSTD or an aircraft, or a combination of FSTD and aircraft training, at least every 12 calendar months.

(g)  
The validity periods mentioned in (b)(3), (c) and (d) shall be counted from the end of the month when the check was taken.

(h)  
When the training or checks required above are undertaken within the last 3 months of the validity period, the new validity period shall be counted from the original expiry date.

ORO.FC.235 Pilot qualification to operate in either pilot’s seat
(a)  
Commanders whose duties require them to operate in either pilot seat and carry out the duties of a co-pilot, or commanders required to conduct training or checking duties, shall complete additional training and checking as specified in the operations manual. The check may be conducted together with the operator proficiency check prescribed in ORO.FC.230 (b).

(b)  
The additional training and checking shall include at least the following:

(1)  
an engine failure during take-off;

(2)  
a one-engine-inoperative approach and go-around; and

(3)  
a one-engine-inoperative landing.

(c)  
In the case of helicopters, commanders shall also complete their proficiency checks from left-and right-hand seats, on alternate proficiency checks, provided that when the type rating proficiency check is combined with the operator proficiency check the commander completes his/her training or checking from the normally occupied seat.

(d)  
When engine-out manoeuvres are carried out in an aircraft, the engine failure shall be simulated.

(e)  
When operating in the co-pilot’s seat, the checks required by ORO.FC.230 for operating in the commander’s seat shall, in addition, be valid and current.

(f)  
The pilot relieving the commander shall have demonstrated, concurrent with the operator proficiency checks prescribed in ORO.FC.230 (b), practice of drills and procedures that would not, normally, be his/her responsibility. Where the differences between left- and right-hand seats are not significant, practice may be conducted in either seat.

(g)  
The pilot other than the commander occupying the commander’s seat shall demonstrate practice of drills and procedures, concurrent with the operator proficiency checks prescribed in ORO.FC.230 (b), which are the commander’s responsibility acting as pilot monitoring. Where the differences between left- and right-hand seats are not significant, practice may be conducted in either seat.
　
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本文鏈接地址：Annexes to the draft Commission Regulation on ‘Air Operations - OPS’(55)