25.6 Detection of Microbursts, Wind Shear, and Gust Fronts
25.6.1 FAA’s Integrated Wind Shear Detection Plan
25.6.1.1 The FAA currently employs an integrated plan for wind shear detection that will significantly improve both the safety and capacity of the majority of the airports currently served by the air carriers. This plan integrates several programs, such as the Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS), Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR),  Weather System Processor (WSP), and Low Level Wind Shear Alert Systems (LLWAS) into a single strategic
concept that significantly improves the aviation
weather information in the terminal area.
(See FIG GEN 3.5.11.)

25.6.1.2 The wind shear/microburst information and warnings are displayed on  the ribbon display terminal (RBDT) located in the tower cabs. They are identical (and standardized) to those in the LLWAS, TDWR and WSP systems, and designed so that the controller does not need to interpret the data, but simply read the displayed information to the pilot. The RBDTs are constantly monitored by the controller to ensure the rapid and timely dissemina-tion of any hazardous event(s) to the pilot.

FIG GEN 3.5.12

25.6.1.3 The early detection of a wind shear/micro-burst event, and the subsequent warning(s) issued to an aircraft on approach or departure, will alert the pilot/crew to the potential of, and to be prepared for, a situation that could become very dangerous! Without these warnings, the aircraft may NOT be able to climb out of or safely transition the event, resulting in a catastrophe. The air carriers, working with the FAA, have developed specialized training programs using their simulators to train and prepare their pilots on the demanding aircraft procedures required to escape these very dangerous wind shear and/or microburst encounters.
25.6.1.4 Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS)
 a) The LLWAS provides wind data and software processes to detect the presence of hazardous wind shear and microbursts in the vicinity of an airport. Wind sensors,  mounted on poles sometimes as high as 150 feet, are (ideally) located 2,000 . 3,500 feet, but not more than 5,000 feet, from the centerline of the runway. (See FIG GEN 3.5.12.)
 b) The LLWAS was fielded in 1988 at 110  airports across the nation. Many of these systems have been replaced by new terminal doppler weather radar (TDWR) and weather systems processor (WSP) technology. Eventually all  LLWAS systems will be phased out; however, 39 airports will  be upgraded to the LLWAS.NE (Network Expansion) system, which employs the very latest software and sensor technology. The new LLWAS.NE systems will not only provide the controller with wind shear warnings and alerts, including wind shear/microburst detection at the airport wind sensor location, but will also provide the location of the hazards relative to the airport runway(s). It will also have the flexibility and capability to grow with the airport as new runways are built. As many as 32 sensors, strategically located around the airport and in relationship to its runway configuration, can be accommodated by the LLWAS.NE network.

FIG GEN 3.5.13

25.6.1.5 Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR)
 a) TDWRs are being deployed at 45 locations across the U.S. Optimum locations for TDWRs are 8 to 12 miles from the airport proper, and designed to look at the airspace around and over the airport to detect microbursts, gust fronts, wind shifts, and precipitation intensities. TDWR products advise the controller of wind shear and microburst events impacting all  runways and the areas 1/2 mile on either side of the extended centerline of the runways and to a distance of 3 miles on final approach and 2 miles on departure. FIG GEN 3.5.13 is a theoretical view of the runway and the warning boxes that the software uses to determine the location(s) of wind shear or microbursts. These warnings are displayed (as depicted in the examples in subparagraph e) on the ribbon display terminal located in the tower cabs.
 b) It is very important to understand what TDWR DOES NOT DO:
 1) It DOES NOT warn of wind shear outside of the alert boxes (on the arrival and departure ends of the runways).
 2) It DOES NOT detect wind shear that is NOT a microburst or a gust front.
 3) It DOES NOT detect gusty or cross wind conditions.
 4) It DOES NOT detect turbulence.
However, research and development is continuing on these systems. Future improvements may include such areas as storm motion (movement), improved gust front detection, storm growth and decay, microburst prediction, and turbulence detection.
 c) TDWR also provides a geographical situation display (GSD) for supervisors and traffic manage-ment specialists for planning purposes. The GSD displays (in color) 6 levels of  weather (precipitation), gust fronts and predicted storm movement(s). This data is used by the tower supervisor(s), traffic management specialists, and controllers to plan for runway changes and arrival/departure route changes in order to reduce aircraft delays and increase airport capacity.
　
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