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compressor or low-pressure turbine. Air moved by these special blades bypasses the core engine and
produces between 30% and 75% of the total thrust produced by the engine.
turbojet engine. A form of heat engine that produces thrust by accelerating a relatively small mass of air
through a large change in velocity. A compressor in the front of the engine compresses the inlet air, and
fuel is sprayed into this air and burned. The heat from the burning fuel expands the air and forces it out the
back of the engine in the form of a high-velocity jet of hot air. The air leaving the engine flows through a
turbine which extracts energy to drive the compressor.
turboprop engine. A form of gas turbine engine that uses one or more stages of turbines to drive a set of
reduction gears, which in turn drives a propeller. Most of the heat energy in the exhaust gases is converted
into torque, rather than into a stream of high-velocity exhaust gases, as is done in a turbojet engine.
turboshaft engine. A form of gas turbine engine that uses one or more stages of turbines to drive a
transmission, which in turn drives the rotors of a helicopter. A turboshaft engine extracts a maximum
amount of the heat energy from the exhaust gas to drive the turbine connected to the transmission.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 600
turbosupercharger. The original name for a turbocharger.
turbulence. A condition of fluid flow in which the flow is not smooth. The velocity of the flow changes
rapidly, and the flow direction often reverses itself.
turn and bank indicator. The former name for a turn and slip indicator. See turn and slip indicator.
turn and slip indicator (flight instrument). A rate gyro flight instrument that gives the pilot an indication
of the rate of rotation of the aircraft about its vertical axis. The turn and slip indicator shows the trim
condition of the aircraft and serves as an emergency source of bank information in case the attitude gyro
fails.
The turn indicator uses a rate gyro attached through a fork and pin mechanism to a vertical pointer.
This rate gyro is installed so it measures the rate of rotation about the vertical axis of the aircraft. The
vertical pointer shows when a standard rate turn (3° per second for some aircraft, and 1 1/2° per second for
others) is being made. The slip indicator is a curved glass tube partially filled with a liquid in which a black
glass ball rolls.
When the angle of bank is correct for the rate of turn, centrifugal force and gravity are balanced,
and the ball stays in the center of the tube. When the rate of turn is too high for the angle of bank, the
centrifugal force is greater than the force of gravity and the ball rolls to the outside of the turn. When the
rate of turn is too low for the angle of bank being used, the force of gravity is greater than the centrifugal
force, and the ball rolls to the inside of the turn. Turn and slip indicators were once called needle and ball
indicators and more recently, turn and bank indicators. See illustration for rate gyro.
turnbuckle. An adjusting device used in a run of aircraft control cable to adjust its tension. A turnbuckle
consists of a brass barrel and two threaded cable terminals made of steel. One terminal and one end of the
barrel have left-hand threads, and the other terminal and the other end of the barrel have right-hand threads.
The cable terminals are both started into the barrel, and as the barrel is turned, the terminals both screw into
it. Screwing the terminals into the barrel increases the cable tension by shortening the cable.
turn coordinator (aircraft flight instrument). A rate gyro instrument that shows at a glance when a
standard-rate turn is being made. The dial has a symbol which represents the rear of an airplane with marks
that align with its wing tip when a standard-rate turn of 3° per second is being made. A black ball in a
curved glass tube below the airplane symbol shows when the angle of bank is correct for the rate of turn
being made.
The rate gyro is mounted in a canted gimbal (a tilted mounting frame) that allows the gyro to
precess, or roll over, when the aircraft rotates about either its vertical or longitudinal axes. The gyro sensing
rotation about both axes makes the instrument more sensitive and gives a more accurate indication of the
condition of a turn than that shown by a turn and slip indicator.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 601
turning error (magnetic compass error). See northerly turning error.
turpentine. A liquid obtained by distilling the gum from pine trees. Turpentine is used as a solvent and
thinner for paints and varnishes.
　
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