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counterbored hole by staking the edges of the hole. The disk is put into the hole, and a pointed staking tool
is held near the edge of the hole and hit with a hammer. The staking tool forces metal from the edge of the
hole over the disk to prevent its from coming out of the hole.
stall (aerodynamic condition). An aerodynamic condition in which the angle of attack, the angle at which
the relative wind strikes the airfoil, becomes so steep the air can no longer flow smoothly over the airfoil.
When an airfoil stalls, it stops producing lift.
stalled-rotor torque (electric motor characteristic). The amount of torque produced by the rotor of an
electric motor when it is fully energized with the correct voltage, but the rotor is held so it cannot turn.
stall strip (airplane wing component). A small triangular metal strip installed along the leading edge of
an airplane wing near the root. Many airplane wings begin to stall near the tip, in the area ahead of the
ailerons. When this portion of the wing stalls, the pilot no longer has good control of the aircraft.
To allow adequate control throughout the stall, the small stall strips force the roots of the wing to
stall before the tips. When the wing roots stall, the nose of the aircraft drops, and the aircraft recovers from
the stall with complete control throughout.
stall warning system (aircraft flight instrument). A system that warns the pilot when the angle of attack
of the wing reaches a point that will likely produce a stall. Stall warning systems measure the angle of
attack. Some systems use a small air-operated vane on the leading edge of the wing to detect the high angle
of attack. Others use an angle of attack probe on the fuselage. A few of the smaller airplanes have a
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Page 553
reed-type horn in the wing that changes its sound as the angle of attack changes.
Some stall warning systems turn on a light or sound a warning horn when the angle of attack gets
too near the angle that could cause a stall. Some of the more elaborate systems, called stick shakers, vibrate
the control column, and stick pushers actually push the control column forward when a stall is approached.
standard atmosphere. 14 CFR Part 1: “The atmosphere defined in the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962
(Geopotential altitude tables).”
standard atmospheric conditions. Conditions of the atmosphere that have been agreed upon by scientists
and engineers who work with the atmosphere to allow them to correct all measurements to the same
conditions.
standard cell (electrical voltage standard). A cadmium-mercury cell made in a specially shaped glass
container in which the two electrodes are covered with an electrolyte of cadmium sulfate. The voltage
produced by a standard cell is 1.018636 volts at 20°C. A standard cell is also called a Weston standard cell
or a Weston normal cell.
standard day conditions. Conditions that have been decided upon by the ICAO (International Civil
Aeronautics Organization) for relating all aircraft and engine performance to a given reference. See
standard atmospheric conditions.
standard-frequency signal (radio-frequency signal standard). A highly accurate radio-frequency signal
broadcast from the National Bureau of Standards radio station, station WWV. The standard-frequency
signal is broadcast on frequencies of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 megahertz.
standard-rate turn (aircraft flight maneuver). A turn in which an aircraft changes its direction at a rate
of 3° per second (360° in two minutes) for low- or medium-speed aircraft. For high-speed aircraft, the
standard-rate turn is 1 1/2° per second (360° in four minutes).
standard terminal arrival. See STAR.
standard weights (aircraft operations). Values used when specific weights are not available:
Gasoline 6.0 pounds/U.S. gallon
Turbine engine fuel 6.7 pounds/U.S. gallon
Lubricating oil 7.5 pounds/U.S. gallon
Water 8.35 pounds/U.S. gallon
Aircraft load
General aviation
Crew & passengers 170 pounds
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Air carrier
Passenger (summer) 160 pounds
Passenger (winter) 165 pounds
Male cabin attendant 150 pounds
Female cabin attendant 130 pounds
Other crewmembers 170 pounds
Checked baggage 23.5 pounds
Carry-on baggage 5 pounds
standing wave (meteorology). A wave in the atmosphere that remains stationary in a moving fluid. The
standing waves most commonly encountered in flight are mountain waves, or lee waves.
standing waves (electrical transmission line). Stationary voltage waves existing on an antenna or
　
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