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an airplane wing. See tram.
transceiver (communications equipment). A piece of radio communications equipment in which all of
the circuits for the receiver and the transmitter are contained in the same housing.
transducer. A device that changes energy from one form into another. A microphone is an example of a
transducer. It changes variations in air pressure into variations in electrical voltage. A radio speaker is
another type of transducer. A speaker changes variations in electrical voltage into variations in air pressure,
or sound.
transfer punch (sheet metal tool). A special type of punch used to mark the center of a rivet hole when
the punch is stuck through an existing rivet hole. The diameter of the shank of the punch near the tip is the
same as that of the rivet hole, and the end of the punch is flat; but there is a short, sharp point protruding
from its center. This point makes a small impression in the metal that is used to start a drill at the location
the rivet hole is to be drilled.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 592
transformer (electrical component). An electrical component used to change the voltage and current in an
alternating current circuit. The core of a transformer is made of a stack of soft iron laminations, and the
windings, which consist of several coils of insulated wire, are wound around the core. The winding
connected to the power source is called the primary winding, and the windings connected to the electrical
loads are called secondary windings.
The voltage difference between that across the primary winding and that across any one of the
secondary windings is directly proportional to the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding to
the number of turns in the primary winding. The higher the ratio, the higher the secondary voltage.
The current difference between that in the primary winding and that in the secondary winding is
inversely proportional to the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding to the number of turns in
the primary winding. The higher the ratio, the lower the secondary current.
transformer/rectifier. See T/R.
transistor (electronic component). An active semiconductor device with three electrodes: an emitter, a
collector, and a base. A large flow of electrons between the emitter and the collector is controlled by a
much smaller flow of electrons between the emitter and the base. Transistors are physically small, require
almost no power for their operation, are extremely rugged, and are low in cost. See NPN transistor and PNP
transistor.
transistor voltage regulator (aircraft electrical system component). A type of voltage regulator used in
an aircraft electrical system to control the output voltage of an alternator. A zener diode senses the
alternator output voltage, and power transistors control the amount of current flowing through the alternator
field coil.
A transistor voltage regulator is not the same as a transistorized voltage regulator. In a
transistorized voltage regulator, the alternator or generator output voltage is sensed by an electromagnetic
relay. Only a small amount of current flows through the relay contacts, just the base current of an output
transistor that controls the larger alternator field current.
transition area (air traffic control). Controlled airspace extending upward from 700 feet or more above
the surface of the earth, when designated in conjunction with an airport for which an approved instrument
approach procedure has been prescribed — or from 1,200 feet or more above the surface of the earth when
designated in conjunction with airway route structures or segments. Unless otherwise limited, transition
areas terminate at the base of the overlying controlled airspace.
Transition areas are designated to contain IFR operations in controlled airspace during portions of
the terminal operation, and while transitioning between the terminal and en route environment.
transitional airspace (air traffic control). That portion of controlled airspace in which aircraft change
from one phase of flight or one flight condition to another.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 593
translational lift (helicopter operation). The additional lift produced by a helicopter rotor as the
helicopter changes from hovering to forward flight. The lift produced by a helicopter rotor decreases as the
helicopter rises vertically out of ground effect. But if the helicopter moves forward at an airspeed of
somewhere around 15 to 20 miles per hour, the rotor system becomes more efficient in forcing the air
downward, and the lift increases. This increased lift caused by the forward motion of the helicopter is
　
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