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ways and surface roads. Chances of finding water wells along such tracks are greater than
elsewhere in the desert. Rescue teams tasks are also easier when the aircraft site is not far from
such tracks.
Basic survival guidelines include:
·  The PIC or senior crewmember should be in charge
·  Passengers and crew should stay away from aircraft until all risk of fire has passed
·  All injured persons should be moved into the shade as soon as possible and first aid
administered as soon as possible
·  Try to find a shelter against sun within sight of the aircraft (shade of a cliff or a hill, aircraft
wings, blankets, etc.); during most of the year the inside of the aircraft will be unsuitable in
daytime due to the intense heat; but it should be fine at night
·  All crew and passengers should stay in one group
·  It is good practice stay with the aircraft for five days; this will facilitate location by the
search and rescue team, provide shelter and signalling aids and eliminate the difficulties and
hazards associated with desert travel
In addition, the following guidelines should be followed if extended stay in the desert is
necessary:
Protection - Protect the survivors from the adverse effects of the environment:
·  Find a shelter and stay in the shade
·  Ration water and do not waste it; avoid moving much in hot sun
·  Keep head and the back of neck covered
·  Wear long pants, long sleeve shirts and keep shoes on
Appendix C: Survival Information December 2001
Issue 1
C-4
Location:
·  All efforts should be made to provide an accurate location to the search and rescue teams
·  Consider the use of portable GPS and mobile telephones if available
·  Try to transmit on aircraft VHF&HF
·  Have all signalling gear ready to signal search and rescue aircraft
·  If required use non-standard signalling device; use ground air emergency code whenever
needed
Water:
·  Rationing water must be instituted at once
·  Avoid perspiring, moving in hot sun and eating hot food
Water Sources - The most likely sources of water in the desert are:
·  In a Sand Dune Belt, between the outer most dunes of the area, rather than the middle
·  In stony desert country, look for dry streambeds; dig at the lowest point on the outside of a
bend in the stream channel
·  In mud flats during winter, look for wet mud at the lowest point, filter it first before drinking
·  Collect dew if possible
·  Rain Water
·  Wells and water holes which are usually indicated by the presence of small hills
Water Purification:
·  Boiling: 3 minutes after coming to a boil
·  Iodine: 10 drops in one gallon for 30 minutes
·  Halazone: One tablet in one gallon for one hour
·  Chlorine: One teaspoonful in one gallon for one hour
Food:
·  Check on rations available
·  Eat at night to avoid getting thirsty
Non-Standard Signalling Devices:
Table C-1 below provides international codes for use by survivors
·  Fire (effective at night)
- In the shape of a triangle, 25-30 meters each side
·  Smoke (Effective during the day)
- Hydrocarbon fire, i.e. oil, rubber, in the shape of a triangle, 25-30 meters each side
- Heliograph/Mirror
Appendix C: Survival Information December 2001
Issue 1
C-5
·  Miscellaneous Material
- Distinctive Colours: Various coloured materials
- Shiny Materials: Broken lavatory mirror, engine cowling
- Sand Shadow: Making sand dunes, high enough and in the presence of the sun will create
shadows
No. Message
Code
Symbol
1 Require assistance V
2 Require medical assistance X
3 NoorNegative N
4 Yes or Affirmative Y
5 Proceeding in this direction ­
Table C-1 Ground Air Visual Codes (For use by survivors)
C.2 JUNGLE SURVIVAL
C.2.1 General
There is no standard form of jungle in the world and the word implies wet tropical rain forest or
sub-tropical woods. In both cases environmental threats are mainly weather (hot or cold), the
presence of wild animals, insects and the possibility of infectious diseases.
Immediate action after forced landing:
·  Follow emergency evacuation. Administer immediate first aid; in hot and tropical climates
the risk of poisoning from an open wound is very great
·  Use the megaphone and stay in one group
　
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