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path through the sky. When installed as part of a general
aviation “glass cockpit,” this simple graphic computer
display replaces many of the conventional cockpit
instruments, including the attitude indicator, horizontal
situation indicator, turn coordinator, airspeed indicator,
altimeter, vertical speed indicator, and navigation indicators. Engine and aircraft systems information may
also be incorporated. [Figure 6-15]
160
140
100
80
60
10
10
4 11
7800
7600
7400
7200
20
00
75
220
240
Figure 6-14. Synthetic Vision.This system uses projected images
to provide a virtual view of terrain and other data in reduced
visibility.
Figure 6-13. Head-up Guidance System.
6-15
.
5
200
5 5
5 5
8040 20
7500
AGL 1173
GND 6874
8500
VS FPM ALT FT
10 10
300
DEPARTURE MODE
AS KTS POWER
60%
250
016
10 20 30
10 10
Figure 6-15. Highway in the Sky. The HITS display conveys flight
path and attitude information using an intuitive graphic interface.
6-16
This chapter presents information on instrument flight
rule (IFR) helicopter operations in the National Airspace
System (NAS). Although helicopter instrument flight is
relatively new when compared to airplane instrument
flight, the global positioning system (GPS) and the
developing Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
are bringing approach procedures to heliports around the
country. As of February 2006 there were approximately
45 public “Copter” instrument flight procedures, including 23 instrument landing system (ILS), 5 RNAV (GPS)
point-in-space (PinS), 6 non-directional beacon (NDB),
8 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR), and 227 private
RNAV (GPS) “Specials” either to runways or PinS
approaches to heliports. This does not include approach
procedures that are located five miles or more from shore
in the Gulf of Mexico and other locations.
The ability to operate helicopters under IFR increases
their utility and safety. Helicopter IFR operators have an
excellent safety record due to the investment in IFR
equipped helicopters, development of instrument
approach procedures, and IFR trained flight crews. The
safety record of IFR operations in the Gulf of Mexico is
equivalent to the safety record of the best-rated airlines.
Manufacturers are working to increase IFR all-weather
capabilities of helicopters by providing slower minimum
instrument airspeeds (V MINI ), faster cruising speeds, and
better autopilots and flight management systems (FMS).
As a result, in October 2005, the first civil helicopter in
the United States was certified for flight into known
icing conditions. [Figure 7-1]
HELICOPTER IFR CERTIFICATION
It is very important that pilots be familiar with the IFR
requirements for their particular helicopter. Within the
same make, model and series of helicopter, variations in
the installed avionics may change the required equipment
or the level of augmentation for a particular operation. The
Automatic Flight Control System/Autopilot/Flight
Director (AFCS/AP/FD) equipment installed in IFR helicopters can be very complex. For some helicopters, the
AFCS/AP/FD complexity will require formal training in
order for the pilot(s) to obtain and maintain a high level of
knowledge of system operation, limitations, failure indications and reversionary modes. For a helicopter to be certified to conduct operations in instrument meteorological
conditions (IMC), it must meet the design and installation
requirements of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (14
CFR) Part 27, Appendix B (Normal Category) and Part
29, Appendix B (Transport Category), which are in addition to the visual flight rule (VFR) requirements.
These requirements are broken down into the following
categories: flight and navigation equipment, miscellaneous requirements, stability, helicopter flight manual
limitations, operations specifications, and minimum
equipment list (MEL).
FLIGHT AND NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
The basic installed flight and navigation equipment for
helicopter IFR operations is listed under Part 29.1303,
with amendments and additions in Appendix B of Parts
27 and 29 under which they are certified. The list
includes:
Figure 7-1. Icing Tests.To safely provide an all-weather capability and flight into known icing conditions that would otherwise
delay or cancel winter flight operations, the digital control of
the S-92 rotor ice protection system (RIPS) determines the temperature and moisture content of the air and removes any ice
　
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