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one of two types of flight information services (FIS) systems. Broadcast only systems, called FIS-B, include a
ground- or space-based transmitter, an aircraft receiver,
and a portable or installed cockpit display device. They
allow pilots to passively collect weather and other operational data and to display that data at the appropriate
time. They can display graphical weather products such
as radar composite/mosaic images, temporary flight
restricted airspace and other NOTAMs. In addition to
graphical weather products, they can also show textual
information, such as Aviation Routine Weather Reports
(METARs)/Aviation Selected Special Weather Reports
(SPECIs) and Terminal Area Forecasts (TAFs).
Two-way FIS systems are request/reply systems, that is,
they permit the pilot to make specific requests for
weather and other operational information. An FIS service provider will then prepare a reply in response to that
specific request and transmit the product to that specific
aircraft for display in the cockpit.
Figure 1-14. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System.
1-22
AVIONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
The proliferation of advanced avionics and instrumentation has substantially increased the capabilities of
aircraft in the IFR environment.
FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A flight management system (FMS) is a flight computer
system that uses a large database to allow routes to be
preprogrammed and fed into the system by means of a
data loader. The system is constantly updated with
respect to position accuracy by reference to conventional
navigation aids, inertial reference system technology, or
the satellite global positioning system. The sophisticated
program and its associated database ensures that the
most appropriate navigation aids or inputs are automatically selected during the information update cycle. A
typical FMS provides information for continuous automatic navigation, guidance, and aircraft performance
management, and includes a control display unit
(CDU). [Figure 1-15]
ELECTRONIC FLIGHT
INFORMATION SYSTEM
The electronic flight information system (EFIS) found in
advanced aircraft cockpits offer pilots a tremendous
amount of information on a colorful, easy-to-read display.
Glass cockpits are a vast improvement over the earlier generation of instrumentation. [Figure 1-16]
Primary flight, navigation, and engine information are
presented on large display screens in front of the flight
crew. Flight management CDUs are located on the center
console. They provide data display and entry capabilities
for flight management functions. The display units generate less heat, save space, weigh less, and require less power
than traditional navigation systems. From a pilot’s point of
view, the information display system is not only more
reliable than previous systems, but also uses advanced
liquid-crystal technology that allows displayed informa-
tion to remain clearly visible in all conditions, including
direct sunlight.
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Navigation systems are the basis for pilots to get from
one place to another and know where they are and what
course to follow. Since the 1930s, aircraft have navigated by means of a set of ground-based NAVAIDs.
Today, pilots have access to over 2,000 such NAVAIDs
within the continental U.S., but the system has its
limitations:
• Constrained to fly from one NAVAID to the
next, aircraft route planners need to identify a
beacon-based path that closely resembles the
path the aircraft needs to take to get from origin
to destination. Such a path will always be
greater in distance than a great circle route
between the two points.
• Because the NAVAIDs are ground-based, navigation across the ocean is problematic, as is
navigation in some mountainous regions.
• NAVAIDs are also expensive to maintain.
Since the 1980s, aircraft systems have evolved towards
the use of SATNAV. Based on the GPS satellite constellation, SATNAV may provide better position information
than a ground-based navigation system. GPS is universal
so there are no areas without satellite signals. Moreover, a
space-based system allows “off airway” navigation so that
the efficiencies in aircraft route determination can be
exacted. SATNAV is revolutionizing navigation for airlines and other aircraft owners and operators. A drawback
of the satellite system, though, is the integrity and availability of the signal, especially during electromagnetic
and other events that distort the Earth’s atmosphere. In
addition, the signal from space needs to be augmented,
especially in traffic-dense terminal areas, to guarantee the
　
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