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All ARTCC radars in the conterminous U.S., as well as
most airport surveillance radars, have the capability to
interrogate Mode C and display altitude information to
the controller. However, there are a small number of airport surveillance radars that are still two-dimensional
(range and azimuth only); consequently, altitude information must be obtained from the pilot.
At some locations within the ATC environment,
secondary only (no primary radar) gap filler radar
systems are used to give lower altitude radar coverage between two larger radar systems, each of
which provides both primary and secondary radar
coverage. In the geographical areas serviced by secondary radar only, aircraft without transponders cannot
be provided with radar service. Additionally, transponder-equipped aircraft cannot be provided with radar
advisories concerning primary targets and weather.
An integral part of the air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) ground equipment is the decoder, which
enables the controller to assign discrete transponder
codes to each aircraft under his/her control. Assignments
are made by the ARTCC computer on the basis of the
National Beacon Code Allocation Plan (NBCAP). There
are 4,096 aircraft transponder codes that can be assigned.
An aircraft must be equipped with Civilian Mode A (or
Military Mode 3) capabilities to be assigned a transponder code. Another function of the decoder is that it is also
designed to receive Mode C altitude information from
an aircraft so equipped. This system converts aircraft
altitude in 100-foot increments to coded digital information that is transmitted together with Mode C
framing pulses to the interrogating ground radar
facility. The ident feature of the transponder causes
the transponder return to “blossom” for a few seconds on the controller’s radarscope.
AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEM
Most medium-to-large radar facilities in the U.S. use
some form of automated radar terminal system (ARTS),
which is the generic term for the functional capability
afforded by several automated systems that differ in
functional capabilities and equipment. “ARTS” followed by a suffix Roman numeral denotes a specific
system, with a subsequent letter that indicates a major
modification to that particular system. In general, the
terminal controller depends on ARTS to display aircraft
identification, flight plan data, and other information in
conjunction with the radar presentation. In addition to
enhancing visualization of the air traffic situation,
ARTS facilitates intra- and inter-facility transfers and
the coordination of flight information. Each ARTS level
has the capabilities of communicating with other ARTS
types as well as with ARTCCs.
As the primary system used for terminal ATC in the
U.S., ARTS had its origin in the mid-1960’s as ARTS
I, or Atlanta ARTS and evolved to the ARTS II and
ARTS III configurations in the early to mid-1970’s.
Later in the decade, the ARTS II and ARTS III configurations were expanded and enhanced and renamed
ARTS IIA and ARTS IIIA respectively. The vast
majority of the terminal automation sites today remain
either IIA or IIIA configurations, except for about nine
of the largest IIIA sites, which are ARTS IIIE candidate systems. Selected ARTS IIIA/IIIE and ARTS IIA
sites are scheduled to receive commercial off the shelf
(COTS) hardware upgrades, which replace portions of
the proprietary data processing system with standard
off-the-shelf hardware.
STANDARD TERMINAL
AUTOMATION REPLACEMENT SYSTEM
The FAA has begun modernizing the computer equipment in the busiest terminal airspace areas. The newer
equipment is called STARS, for Standard Terminal
Automation Replacement System. The system's
improvements will enhance safety while reducing
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delays by increasing system reliability and lowering lifecycle operating and maintenance costs. STARS also will
accommodate the projected growth in air traffic and
provide a platform for new functions to support FAA
initiatives such as Free Flight. STARS offers many
advantages, including an open architecture and expansion capability that allow new software and capacity to
be added as needed to stay ahead of the growth in air
traffic. Under the first phase of terminal modernization, STARS is being deployed to 47 air traffic control
facilities. As of July 2005, 37 FAA and 22 Department
of Defense sites were fully operational with STARS.
The first phase is expected to be complete in fiscal year
2007. By then, STARS will be operational at 18 of the
FAA's 35 most critical, high-volume airports, which
　
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本文鏈接地址：Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)儀表程序手冊上(27)