曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

Gulf of Mexico (black Q100, Q102, and Q105) that
have been added to straighten out the flight segments
and provide an alternative method of navigation to the
LF airway (brown G26), that has since been terminated in this case. The “Q” designation is derived from
the list of basic route designators previously covered,
and correlates with the description for RNAV routes
that do not form part of the regional networks of ATS
routes. Notice the indirect reference to the RNAV
requirement, with the note, “Navigational Equipment
Other than LF or VHF Required.”
Notice in Figure 3-37 that this en route chart
excerpt depicts three published RNAV jet routes,
J804R, J888R, and J996R. The “R” suffix is a supplementary route designator denoting an RNAV
route. The overlapping symbols for the AMOTT
intersection and waypoint indicate that AMOTT
can be identified by conventional navigation or by
latitude and longitude coordinates. Although coordinates were originally included for aircraft equipped
with INS systems, they are now a good way to cross
check between the coordinates on the chart and in the
FMS or GPS databases to ensure you are tracking on
your intended en route course. The AMOTT RNAV
waypoint includes bearing and distance from the
ANCHORAGE VORTAC. In an effort to simplify
the conversion to RNAV, some controlling agencies
Figure 3-36. Published RNAV Routes Replacing LF Airways.
3-33
outside the U.S. have simply designated all conventional routes as RNAV routes at a certain flight
level.
RNAV MINIMUM EN ROUTE ALTITUDE
RNAV MEAs are depicted on some NACO IFR en
route charts, allowing both RNAV and non-RNAV
pilots to use the same chart for instrument navigation.
MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDE
The Minimum IFR altitude (MIA) for operations is
prescribed in Part 91. These MIAs are published on
NACO charts and prescribed in Part 95 for airways and
routes, and in Part 97 for standard instrument approach
procedures. If no applicable minimum altitude is prescribed in Parts 95 or 97, the following MIA applies: In
designated mountainous areas, 2,000 feet above the
highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 NM
from the course to be flown; or other than mountainous
areas, 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a
horizontal distance of 4 NM from the course to be
flown; or as otherwise authorized by the Administrator
or assigned by ATC. MIAs are not flight checked for
communication.
Figure 3-37. Published RNAV Jet Routes.
3-34
WAYPOINTS
Waypoints are specified geographical locations, or
fixes, used to define an RNAV route or the flight path
of an aircraft employing RNAV. Waypoints may be any
of the following types: predefined, published waypoints, floating waypoints, or user-defined waypoints.
Predefined, published waypoints are defined relative to
VOR-DME or VORTAC stations or, as with GPS, in
terms of latitude/longitude coordinates.
USER-DEFINED WAYPOINTS
Pilots typically create user-defined waypoints for use
in their own random RNAV direct navigation. They are
newly established, unpublished airspace fixes that are
designated geographic locations/positions that help
provide positive course guidance for navigation and a
means of checking progress on a flight. They may or
may not be actually plotted by the pilot on en route
charts, but would normally be communicated to ATC in
terms of bearing and distance or latitude/longitude. An
example of user-defined waypoints typically includes
those derived from database RNAV systems whereby
latitude/longitude coordinate-based waypoints are gen-
erated by various means including keyboard input, and
even electronic map mode functions used to establish
waypoints with a cursor on the display. Another example
is an offset phantom waypoint, which is a point-in-space
formed by a bearing and distance from NAVAIDs, such as
VORTACs and tactical air navigation (TACAN) stations,
using a variety of navigation systems. When specifying
unpublished waypoints in a flight plan, they can be communicated using the frequency/bearing/distance format or
latitude and longitude, and they automatically become
compulsory reporting points unless otherwise advised by
ATC. All airplanes with latitude and longitude navigation
systems flying above FL 390 must use latitude and
longitude to define turning points.
FLOATING WAYPOINTS
Floating waypoints, or reporting points, represent airspace fixes at a point in space not directly associated
with a conventional airway. In many cases, they may be
established for such purposes as ATC metering fixes,
　
中國航空網 www.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)儀表程序手冊上(83)