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control on initial contact. If for any reason the pilot
becomes uncertain as to the correct taxi route, a request
should be made for progressive taxi instructions. These
step-by-step routing directions are also issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic, closed taxiways,
airport construction, etc. It is the pilot’s responsibility to
The FAA recommends that you:
• Receive and understand all NOTAMs, particularly those concerning airport construction and lighting.
• Read back, in full, all clearances involving holding short, taxi into position and hold, and crossing
active runways to insure proper understanding.
• Abide by the sterile cockpit rule.
• Develop operational procedures that minimize distractions during taxiing.
• Ask ATC for directions if you are lost or unsure of your position.
• Adhere to takeoff and runway crossing clearances in a timely manner.
• Position your aircraft so landing traffic can see you.
• Monitor radio communications to maintain a situational awareness of other aircraft.
• Remain on frequency until instructed to change.
• Make sure you know the reduced runway distances and whether or not you can comply before
accepting a land and hold short clearance.
• Report confusing airport diagrams to the proper authorities.
• Use exterior taxi and landing lights when practical.
Figure 2-5. FAA Recommendations for Reducing Runway Incursions.
Figure 2-6. Chicago O’Hare Silver Standardized Taxi Route and NACO Airport Diagram.
Note: The sterile cockpit rule refers to a concept outlined in Parts 121.542 and 135.100 that requires
flight crews to refrain from engaging in activities that could distract them from the performance of
their duties during critical phases of flight. This concept is explained further in Chapter 4.
2-6
know if a particular airport has preplanned taxi routes, to
be familiar with them, and to have the taxi descriptions in
their possession. Specific information about airports that
use coded taxiway routes is included in the Notice to
Airmen Publication (NTAP).
RUNWAY SAFETY PROGRAM
On any given day, the NAS may handle almost 200,000
takeoffs and landings. Due to the complex nature of the airport environment and the intricacies of the network of people that make it operate efficiently, the FAA is constantly
looking to maintain the high standard of safety that exists at
airports today. Runway safety is one of its top priorities.
The Runway Safety Program (RSP) is designed to create
and execute a plan of action that reduces the number of runway incursions at the nation’s airports.
The RSP office has created a National Blueprint for
Runway Safety. [Figure 2-7] In that document, the
FAA has identified four types of runway surface
events:
• Surface Incident – an event during which authorized or unauthorized/unapproved movement
occurs in the movement area or an occurrence in
the movement area associated with the operation
of an aircraft that affects or could affect the safety
of flight.
• Runway Incursion – an occurrence at an airport
involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on
the ground that creates a collision hazard or results
in a loss of separation with an aircraft that is taking off, intending to take off, landing, or intending
to land.
• Collision Hazard – a condition, event, or circumstance that could induce an occurrence of a
collision or surface accident or incident.
• Loss of Separation – an occurrence or operation
that results in less than prescribed separation
between aircraft, or between an aircraft and a
vehicle, pedestrian, or object.
Runway incursions are further identified by four categories: ATC operational error, pilot deviation,
vehicle/pedestrian deviation, and miscellaneous errors that
cannot be attributed to the previous categories.
Since runway incursions cannot be attributed to one
single group of people, everyone involved in airport
operations must be equally aware of the necessity to
improve runway safety. As a result, the RSP created
goals to develop refresher courses for ATC, promote
educational awareness for air carriers, and require flight
training that covers more in depth material concerning
ground operations. Beyond the human aspect of runway
safety, the FAA is also reviewing technology, communications, operational procedures, airport signs, markings,
lighting, and analyzing causal factors to find areas for
improvement.
Runway safety generates much concern especially with
the continued growth of the aviation industry. The takeoff
　
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