曝光臺(tái) 注意防騙 網(wǎng)曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費(fèi)者

RNP level.
For international operations, the FAA and ICAO member states have led initiatives to apply RNP concepts to
oceanic routes. Here are the ICAO RNP levels supported
for international operations:
• RNP-1 – European Precision RNAV (P-RNAV)
• RNP-4 – Projected for oceanic/remote areas where
30 NM horizontal separation is applied
• RNP-5 – European Basic RNAV (B-RNAV)
• RNP-10 – Oceanic/remote areas where 50 NM lateral separation is applied
NOTE: Specific operational and equipment performance
requirements apply for P-RNAV and B-RNAV.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
The FAA’s implementation activities of the Global
Positioning System (GPS) are dedicated to the adaptation of the NAS infrastructure to accept satellite navigation (SATNAV) technology through the management
and coordination of a variety of overlapping NAS
implementation projects. These projects fall under the
project areas listed below and represent different elements of the NAS infrastructure:
• Avionics Development − includes engineering
support and guidance in the development of
current and future GPS avionics minimum
operational performance standards (MOPS), as
well as FAA Technical Standard Orders (TSOs)
and establishes certification standards for
avionics installations.
• Flight Standards − includes activities related to
instrument procedure criteria research, design,
testing, and standards publication. The shift from
ground-based to space-based navigation sources
has markedly shifted the paradigms used in
obstacle clearance determination and standards
development. New GPS-based Terminal
Procedures (TERPS) manuals are in use today as
a result of this effort.
• Air Traffic − includes initiatives related to the
development of GPS routes, phraseology, procedures, controller GPS training and GPS outage
simulations studies. GPS-based routes, developed along the East Coast to help congestion in
the Northeast Corridor, direct GPS-based
Caribbean routes, and expansion of RNAV
activities are all results of SATNAV sponsored
implementation projects.
• Procedure Development − includes the provision
of instrument procedure development and flight
inspection of GPS-based routes and instrument
procedures. Today over 3,500 GPS-based IAPs
have been developed.
• Interference Identification and Mitigation −
includes the development and fielding of airborne,
ground, and portable interference detection systems. These efforts are ongoing and critical to
ensuring the safe use of GPS in the NAS.
1-16
To use GPS, WAAS, and/or LAAS in the NAS, equipment suitable for aviation use (such as a GPS receiver,
WAAS receiver, LAAS receiver, or multi-modal
receiver) must be designed, developed, and certified for
use. To ensure standardization and safety of this equipment, the FAA plays a key role in the development and
works closely with industry in this process. The avionics
development process results in safe, standardized SAT-
NAV avionics, developed in concurrence with industry.
Due to the growing popularity of SATNAV and potential
new aviation applications, there are several types of
GPS-based receivers on the market, but only those that
pass through this certification process can be used as
approved navigation equipment under IFR conditions.
Detailed information on GPS approach procedures is
provided in Chapter 5–Approach.
GPS-BASED HELICOPTER OPERATIONS
The synergy between industry and the FAA created during the development of the Gulf of Mexico GPS grid
system and approaches is an excellent example of what
can be accomplished to establish the future of helicopter
IFR SATNAV. The Helicopter Safety Advisory Council
(HSAC), National Air Traffic Controllers Association
(NATCA), helicopter operators, and FAA Flight
Standards Divisions all worked together to develop this
infrastructure. The system provides both the operational
and cost-saving features of flying direct to a destination
when offshore weather conditions deteriorate below
VFR and an instant and accurate aircraft location capability that is invaluable for rescue operations.
The expansion of helicopter IFR service for emergency
medical services (EMS) is another success story. The
FAA worked with EMS operators to develop helicopter
GPS nonprecision instrument approach procedures and
en route criteria. As a result of this collaborative effort,
EMS operators have been provided with hundreds of
EMS helicopter procedures to medical facilities. Before
the GPS IFR network, EMS helicopter pilots had been
　
中國航空網(wǎng) www.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)儀表程序手冊(cè)上(24)