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the loss of separation with an aircraft taking off,
intending to take off, landing, or intending to land.
Primarily, runway incursions are caused by errors
resulting from a misunderstanding of the given clearance, failure to communicate effectively, failure to
navigate the airport correctly, or failure to maintain
positional awareness. Figure 2-5 on page 2-5 highlights several steps that reduce the chances of being
involved in a runway incursion.
In addition to the SMGCS program, the FAA has
implemented additional programs to reduce runway
incursions and other surface movement issues. They
Figure 2-3. Excerpt from Airport/Facility Directory for Oshkosh/Wittman Field.
2-3
Both flight and ground crews are required to comply
with SMGCS plans when implemented at their specific
airport. All airport tenants are responsible for disseminating information to their employees and conducting
training in low visibility operating procedures. Anyone
operating in conjunction with the SMGCS plan must
have a copy of the low visibility taxi route chart for their
given airport as these charts outline the taxi routes and
other detailed information concerning low visibility
operations. These charts are available from private
sources outside of the FAA. Part 91 operators are
expected to comply with the guidelines listed in the AC
to the best of their ability and should expect “Follow
Me” service when low visibility operations are in use.
Any SMGCS outage that would adversely affect operations at the airport is issued as a Notice to Airmen
(NOTAM).
AIRPORT SIGNS, LIGHTING, and MARKING
Flight crews use airport lighting, markings, and signs
to help maintain situational awareness when operating
on the ground and in the air. These visual aids provide
information concerning the aircraft’s location on the
airport, the taxiway in use, and the runway entrance
being used. Overlooking this information can lead to
2-4
identified runway hotspots, designed standardized taxi
routes, and instituted the Runway Safety Program.
RUNWAY HOTSPOTS
Runway hotspots (some FAA Regions refer to them as
high alert areas) are locations on particular airports that
historically have hazardous intersections. These
hotspots are depicted on some airport charts as circled
areas. FAA Regions, such as the Western Pacific, notify
pilots of these areas by Letter to Airmen. The FAA
Office of Runway Safety website (www.faa.gov/runwaysafety) has links to the FAA regions that maintain a
complete list of airports with runway hotspots. Also,
charts provided by private sources show these locations.
Hotspots alert pilots to the fact that there may be a lack
of visibility at certain points or the tower may be unable
to see that particular intersection. Whatever the reason,
pilots need to be aware that these hazardous intersections exist and they should be increasingly vigilant when
approaching and taxiing through these intersections.
STANDARDIZED TAXI ROUTES
Standard taxi routes improve ground management at
high-density airports, namely those that have airline
service. At these airports, typical taxiway traffic patterns used to move aircraft between gate and runway
A
A
6
Taxiway centerline lights are
in-pavement green lights that
aid in ground movement during
low visibility operations.
Geographic position markings,
or pink spots, are used as
either holding points or for
position reporting.
Clearance bar lights consist of
a row of three yellow, in-pavement
lights used to denote holding positions
for aircraft and ground vehicles.
Red stop bar lights are used at
intersections of illuminated taxiways
and active runways for operations
less than RVR 6. You cannot cross
an illuminated stop bar.
Runway guard lights are flashing
yellow lights installed on taxiways
that have access to runways.
They are used to identify an active
runway and the location of the
runway holding position.
Figure 2-4. SMGCS Signage and Lighting.
2-5
are laid out and coded. The ATC specialist (ATCS) can
reduce radio communication time and eliminate taxi
instruction misinterpretation by simply clearing the
pilot to taxi via a specific, named route. An example of
this would be Chicago O’Hare, where the Silver Alpha
taxi route is used to transition to Runway 4L. [Figure 2-6]
The “Silver A” route requires you to taxi via taxiway
Alpha to Alpha Six, then taxiway Juliet, then taxiway
Whiskey to Runway 4L. These routes are issued by ground
control, and if unable to comply, pilots must advise ground
　
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