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has been made, a menu appears forcing the user to choose
a DU from all DUs activated with the Manual Context use.
This choice will call up a Task-Block of the SOP Task-
Block tree that appears on the left side menu.
The display uses the level attribution defined in the
INFO project (Boy, Blomberg, & Petiot, 1998). The initial
documentation display is the level 1 information. A
“MORE” or “LESS” facility permits the user to display
level 1+2 then level 1+2+3 in an incremental manner. The
level change with this demonstrator is a full display level
change.
The Manual Context can be used at any time to reach
another information. The left side menu permits a step-bystep
browsing through the Task-Block tree, and guides the
documentation display in sequence. Figure 6 shows the
Demonstrator EFCOM simulation display for level 1+2 of
the SOP descent monitoring phase.
Figure 6: Demonstrator menu example
Discussion
Now that we are familiarized with a possible
documentation construction methodology, we will discuss
from a more general point of view the correlation between
the task-based structure and a possible user cognitive structure.
The direct use of technical documentation in an
operational environment comes from the immediate need
for the right information. The role of the task-based structure
in this process is to delimitate the search of
information within a situation description. Choosing one
Task-Block will provide the user with all information
HCI-Aero 2002 67
related to this particular situation, making the need for
extended information more obvious.
The structure knowledge is of indirect use. In practice,
the initial Task-Block tree can be seen as a segmentation of
the work to accomplish and summarizes all possible
planned situations. It is a compilation of situations in a
mutual inclusive system.
Once an unplanned event occurs, the structure will jump
into a parallel Task-Block tree through Reaction Links.
Basically, this can occur at any time of the life cycle of the
system, depending on the nature of the event (figures 7).
Figure 7: Task-Block tree cognitive structure
The parallel Task-Block tree is the initial Task-Block
tree image seen through a filter that has the purpose of
taking into account the unplanned event consequences. The
goal of such a structure is not to force a preferential tactic,
but to make all macroscopic reflections made during the
development phase apparent for end users (aircrew).
This conception can provide aircrew with structure
knowledge that is in accordance with additional uses of
technical operational documentation such as training,
debriefing and feedback.
The structure methodology for electronic operational
documentation relies on an extension of Travers’ flight
phases standardization It is motivated by a need for completeness
of documentation description and is an improvement
in the wish for contextualization of information.
The positive feedback from Airbus and the good
acceptance of the Demonstrator encourage us in the
opinion that a user-centered approach for technical
documentation construction and utilization is useful. Even
if the application of the study was a new generation
FCOM, this approach can be extended to more
applications with strongly dynamic environment
properties.
This structure methodology offers an opportunity to
centralize operational documentation under a form that is
in accordance with operational properties, and as a
consequence, adapted for extended use of technical
documentation for training. This approach could help
integrate all
electronic operational documentation into one tool
concept.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank all AIRBUS participants in the
ArtiFACT project and the EURISCO colleagues for their
support and collaboration during this study.
References
Barnard, Y., Boy, G., Ramu, J.-P. & Pinet, J. (2002).
ArtiFACT Project: Articulation between FCOM and
Courseware/Training. Final Synthesis Report. EURISCO
Technical Report, T-2002-095, Toulouse, France:
EURISCO.
Trémaud, M. (1996). Aiming towards a pilot-oriented
FCOM and QRH, Objectives and guidelines. Proceedings
of the Airbus Industrie 9th Performance and Operation
Conference.
Trémaud, M. (2000). Base de Facteurs Humains pour la
conception de Systèmes Homme-Machine en aéronautique
– Définitions de Critères d’Ergonomie pour le
développement d’une Documentation Opérationnelle
　
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