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time the preceding large aircraft has taken off and the
succeeding small aircraft begins takeoff roll. To
inform the pilot of the required 3−minute hold, the
controller will state, “Hold for wake turbulence.” If
after considering wake turbulence hazards, the pilot
feels that a lesser time interval is appropriate, the pilot
may request a waiver to the 3−minute interval. To
8/5/04 AIM
Airport Operations 4−3−9
initiate such a request, simply say “Request waiver to
3−minute interval,” or a similar statement. Controllers
may then issue a takeoff clearance if other traffic
permits, since the pilot has accepted the responsibility
for wake turbulence separation.
e. The 3−minute interval is not required when the
intersection is 500 feet or less from the departure
point of the preceding aircraft and both aircraft are
taking off in the same direction. Controllers may
permit the small aircraft to alter course after takeoff
to avoid the flight path of the preceding departure.
f. The 3−minute interval is mandatory behind a
heavy aircraft in all cases.
4−3−11. Pilot Responsibilities When
Conducting Land and Hold Short
Operations (LAHSO)
a. LAHSO is an acronym for “Land and Hold
Short Operations.” These operations include landing
and holding short of an intersecting runway, an
intersecting taxiway, or some other designated
point on a runway other than an intersecting runway
or taxiway. (See FIG 4−3−4, FIG 4−3−5,
FIG 4−3−6.)
b. Pilot Responsibilities and Basic Procedures.
1. LAHSO is an air traffic control procedure that
requires pilot participation to balance the needs for
increased airport capacity and system efficiency,
consistent with safety. This procedure can be done
safely provided pilots and controllers are knowledgeable
and understand their responsibilities. The
following paragraphs outline specific pilot/operator
responsibilities when conducting LAHSO.
2. At controlled airports, air traffic may clear a
pilot to land and hold short. Pilots may accept such a
clearance provided that the pilot−in−command
determines that the aircraft can safely land and stop
within the Available Landing Distance (ALD). ALD
data are published in the special notices section of the
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) and in the U.S.
Terminal Procedures Publications. Controllers will
also provide ALD data upon request. Student pilots or
pilots not familiar with LAHSO should not
participate in the program.
3. The pilot−in−command has the final
authority to accept or decline any land and hold
short clearance. The safety and operation of the
aircraft remain the responsibility of the pilot.
Pilots are expected to decline a LAHSO clearance
if they determine it will compromise safety.
4. To conduct LAHSO, pilots should become
familiar with all available information concerning
LAHSO at their destination airport. Pilots should
have, readily available, the published ALD and
runway slope information for all LAHSO runway
combinations at each airport of intended landing.
Additionally, knowledge about landing performance
data permits the pilot to readily determine that the
ALD for the assigned runway is sufficient for safe
LAHSO. As part of a pilot’s preflight planning
process, pilots should determine if their destination
airport has LAHSO. If so, their preflight planning
process should include an assessment of which
LAHSO combinations would work for them given
their aircraft’s required landing distance. Good pilot
decision making is knowing in advance whether one
can accept a LAHSO clearance if offered.
FIG 4−3−4
Land and Hold Short of an Intersecting
Runway
EXAMPLE−
FIG 4−3−6 − holding short at a designated point may be
required to avoid conflicts with the runway safety
area/flight path of a nearby runway.
NOTE−
Each figure shows the approximate location of LAHSO
markings, signage, and in−pavement lighting when
installed.
REFERENCE−
AIM, Chapter 2, Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids.
AIM 8/5/04
4−3−10 Airport Operations
FIG 4−3−5
Land and Hold Short of an Intersecting
Taxiway
FIG 4−3−6
Land and Hold Short of a
Designated Point on a Runway Other
Than an Intersecting Runway or
Taxiway
5. If, for any reason, such as difficulty in
　
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