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Comply with the missed approach instructions for the
instrument approach procedure being executed,
unless otherwise directed by ATC.
REFERENCE−
AIM, Missed Approach, Paragraph 5−4−20.
AIM, Missed Approach, Paragraph 5−5−5.
5−4−8. Special Instrument Approach
Procedures
Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) charts reflect
the criteria associated with the U.S. Standard for
Terminal Instrument [Approach] Procedures
(TERPs), which prescribes standardized methods for
use in developing IAPs. Standard IAPs are published
in the Federal Register (FR) in accordance with
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 97,
and are available for use by appropriately qualified
pilots operating properly equipped and airworthy
aircraft in accordance with operating rules and
procedures acceptable to the FAA. Special IAPs are
also developed using TERPS but are not given public
notice in the FR. The FAA authorizes only certain
individual pilots and/or pilots in individual organiza8/
5/04 AIM
Arrival Procedures 5−4−25
tions to use special IAPs, and may require additional
crew training and/or aircraft equipment or performance,
and may also require the use of landing aids,
communications, or weather services not available
for public use. Additionally, IAPs that service private
use airports or heliports are generally special IAPs.
5−4−9. Procedure Turn
a. A procedure turn is the maneuver prescribed
when it is necessary to perform a course reversal to
establish the aircraft inbound on an intermediate or
final approach course. The procedure turn or hold in
lieu of procedure turn is a required maneuver. The
procedure turn is not required when the symbol “No
PT” is shown, when RADAR VECTORING to the
final approach course is provided, when conducting
a timed approach, or when the procedure turn is not
authorized. The hold in lieu of procedure turn is not
required when RADAR VECTORING to the final
approach course is provided or when “No PT” is
shown. The altitude prescribed for the procedure turn
is a minimum altitude until the aircraft is established
on the inbound course. The maneuver must be
completed within the distance specified in the profile
view.
1. On U.S. Government charts, a barbed arrow
indicates the direction or side of the outbound course
on which the procedure turn is made. Headings are
provided for course reversal using the 45 degree type
procedure turn. However, the point at which the turn
may be commenced and the type and rate of turn is left
to the discretion of the pilot. Some of the options are
the 45 degree procedure turn, the racetrack pattern,
the tear-drop procedure turn, or the 80 degree 
260 degree course reversal. Some procedure turns are
specified by procedural track. These turns must be
flown exactly as depicted.
2. When the approach procedure involves a
procedure turn, a maximum speed of not greater than
200 knots (IAS) should be observed from first
overheading the course reversal IAF through the
procedure turn maneuver to ensure containment
within the obstruction clearance area. Pilots should
begin the outbound turn immediately after passing
the procedure turn fix. The procedure turn maneuver
must be executed within the distance specified in the
profile view. The normal procedure turn distance is
10 miles. This may be reduced to a minimum of
5 miles where only Category A or helicopter aircraft
are to be operated or increased to as much as 15 miles
to accommodate high performance aircraft.
3. A teardrop procedure or penetration turn may
be specified in some procedures for a required course
reversal. The teardrop procedure consists of
departure from an initial approach fix on an outbound
course followed by a turn toward and intercepting the
inbound course at or prior to the intermediate fix or
point. Its purpose is to permit an aircraft to reverse
direction and lose considerable altitude within
reasonably limited airspace. Where no fix is available
to mark the beginning of the intermediate segment, it
shall be assumed to commence at a point 10 miles
prior to the final approach fix. When the facility is
located on the airport, an aircraft is considered to be
on final approach upon completion of the penetration
turn. However, the final approach segment begins on
the final approach course 10 miles from the facility.
4. A holding pattern in lieu of procedure turn
may be specified for course reversal in some
procedures. In such cases, the holding pattern is
　
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