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1−1−21. GNSS Landing System (GLS)
a. General
1. The GLS provides precision navigation
guidance for exact alignment and descent of aircraft
on approach to a runway. It provides differential
augmentation to the Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS).
2. The U.S. plans to provide augmentation
services to the GPS for the first phase of GNSS. This
section will be revised and updated to reflect
international standards and GLS services as they are
provided.
1−1−22. Precision Approach Systems other
than ILS, GLS, and MLS
a. General
Approval and use of precision approach systems
other than ILS, GLS and MLS require the issuance of
special instrument approach procedures.
b. Special Instrument Approach Procedure
1. Special instrument approach procedures
must be issued to the aircraft operator if pilot training,
aircraft equipment, and/or aircraft performance is
different than published procedures. Special instrument
approach procedures are not distributed for
general public use. These procedures are issued to an
aircraft operator when the conditions for operations
approval are satisfied.
2. General aviation operators requesting approval
for special procedures should contact the local
Flight Standards District Office to obtain a letter of
authorization. Air carrier operators requesting
approval for use of special procedures should contact
their Certificate Holding District Office for authorization
through their Operations Specification.
c. Transponder Landing System (TLS)
1. The TLS is designed to provide approach
guidance utilizing existing airborne ILS localizer,
glide slope, and transponder equipment.
AIM 8/5/04
1−1−44 Air Navigation Aids
2. Ground equipment consists of a transponder
interrogator, sensor arrays to detect lateral and
vertical position, and ILS frequency transmitters. The
TLS detects the aircraft’s position by interrogating its
transponder. It then broadcasts ILS frequency signals
to guide the aircraft along the desired approach path.
3. TLS instrument approach procedures are
designated Special Instrument Approach Procedures.
Special aircrew training is required. TLS ground
equipment provides approach guidance for only one
aircraft at a time. Even though the TLS signal is
received using the ILS receiver, no fixed course or
glidepath is generated. The concept of operation is
very similar to an air traffic controller providing radar
vectors, and just as with radar vectors, the guidance
is valid only for the intended aircraft. The TLS
ground equipment tracks one aircraft, based on its
transponder code, and provides correction signals to
course and glidepath based on the position of the
tracked aircraft. Flying the TLS corrections computed
for another aircraft will not provide guidance
relative to the approach; therefore, aircrews must not
use the TLS signal for navigation unless they have
received approach clearance and completed the
required coordination with the TLS ground equipment
operator. Navigation fixes based on conventional
NAVAIDs or GPS are provided in the special
instrument approach procedure to allow aircrews to
verify the TLS guidance.
d. Special Category I Differential GPS
(SCAT−I DGPS)
1. The SCAT−I DGPS is designed to provide
approach guidance by broadcasting differential
correction to GPS.
2. SCAT−I DGPS procedures require aircraft
equipment and pilot training.
3. Ground equipment consists of GPS receivers
and a VHF digital radio transmitter. The SCAT−I
DGPS detects the position of GPS satellites relative
to GPS receiver equipment and broadcasts differential
corrections over the VHF digital radio.
4. Category I Ground Based Augmentation
System (GBAS) will displace SCAT−I DGPS as the
public use service.
REFERENCE−
AIM, Instrument Approach Procedures, Paragraph 5−4−7f.
AIM 2/19/04
Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1−2−1
Section 2. Area Navigation (RNAV) and
Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
1−2−1. Area Navigation (RNAV)
a. General. RNAV is a method of navigation that
permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path
within the coverage of station−referenced navigation
aids or within the limits of the capability of
self−contained aids, or a combination of these. In the
future, there will be an increased dependence on the
use of RNAV in lieu of routes defined by
ground−based navigation aids.
　
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