(2)
COMMUNICATIONS - Pilots of arrival or through flight aircraft must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the appropriate Air Traffic Control facility prior to entering this airspace. Air Traffic Control must utilize your callsign before you are considered to have established two-way radio communication.
6-3 MINIMUM NAVIGATION & COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
a. CHANGEOVER POINTS/COP - The COP is located midway between the navigation facility for straight route segments, or at the intersection of radials or courses forming a dog leg in the case of dog leg route segments. When the COP is not located at the midway point, aeronautical charts will depict the COP location and give the mileage to the radio aids. (See Chapter 2 for definition of COP).
b. AIR GROUND COMMUNICATIONS (FAA) - Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) are equipped to conduct direct communication with IFR traffic on Very High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency frequencies. IFR operations are expedited through the use of direct communication; however, to reduce frequency congestion, pilots are requested to use these frequencies strictly for communications pertinent to the control of IFR aircraft. Flight plan filing, Enroute weather, etc., should be requested through Flight Service Stations, or appropriate military facilities. Most ARTCC areas are subdivided into two or more sectors with an individual controller assigned to handle traffic in his specific sector or sectors. A discrete frequency is assigned each sector for direct pilot/controller communication and normally this will be the initial frequency assigned aircraft. Special use frequencies will be used for controlling aircraft above FL600. The backup frequency will be the high altitude sector discrete frequency. Additionally, aircraft are required to monitor 243.0 Megahertz (Guard) for emergency purposes.
c. TRANSPONDER PROCEDURES
NOTE: For specific transponder procedures and settings, refer to the appropriate Radar Beacon System or IFF/SIF procedures in the Flight Information Handbook.
(1)
Pilots of aircraft equipped with a transponder with operable Mode 3/A and/or Mode C will "squawk" the appropriate mode(s) and code(s) during all phases of flight, unless directed by Air Traffic Control to Squawk Standby or Stop Squawk. The only exceptions are Special Operations within assigned airspace as approved by Air Traffic Control, e.g, NORAD Faker aircraft which have been granted a waiver to Federal Air Regulations 91.97 and operate their transponders in the standby position. Military flights operating on a mode other than Mode 3 will adjust transponders to reply on the Mode 3 code specified in the Flight Information Handbook and the mode assigned by the military simultaneously.
(a)
Transponders will be operating in "standby" while taxiing for take-off and either "off" or "standby" as required after landing. Departing pilots should turn transponders to "on" as late as practicable before take-off, and landing pilots should turn transponders to either "off" or "standby" as soon as practicable after landing. Unless otherwise requested by Air Traffic Control, transponders shall be operating at all times, VFR or IFR, while airborne.
(b)
Basic Mark X (IFF) equipment will not be operated except in emergency or when requested by Air Traffic Control.
(c)
When more than one aircraft operate as a standard formation, only the flight leader will set his transponder for normal squawk. Wingmen will squawk standby. Upon breakaway into elements or individual flights the element leader or individual pilot is then required to set his transponder as directed in the Flight Information Handbook.
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