(a)
Jet engine blast (thrust stream turbulence), during ground Operations, can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range. Exhaust velocity versus distance studies at various thrust levels have shown a need for light aircraft to maintain an adequate separation during ground Operations. Below are examples of the distance required to avoid exhaust velocities of greater than 25 mph:
(b)
Wing tip vortices are generated by an aircraft from the time it rotates on take-off until it touches down on landing. The strength of the vortex generated is governed by the aircraft's weight, speed and the shape of its wing. Special attention needs to be given to situations of light wind, where vortices may stay in the approach and runway touchdown areas, drift to a parallel runway or sink to the landing or take-off paths of succeeding aircraft.
(c)
Aircraft take-off weight capacity is used to identify classes for the application of wake turbulence criteria separation procedures. The following classes and examples of aircraft within these classes are provided as a guide to determine the appropriate wake turbulence separation required.
1 HEAVY (255,000 pounds or more - FAA) (300,000 pounds or more - ICAO)
EXAMPLES: B-2 B-52 E-3 C-5 C-17 Boeing 747/757/767/777 KC-10 KC-135
FAA) ICAO) 2 LARGE (41,000 pounds to 255,000 pounds - MEDIUM (15,500 pounds to 300,000 pounds - EXAMPLES: C-130 C-9 MH-53J F-15 F-16 F-117 T-43 SR-71
3 SMALL MORE THAN 12,500 (12,500 pounds
to 41,000 pounds - FAA) EXAMPLES: C-21 C-12 MH-60G U-2 T-1 T-38 NT-39 F-5
4 SMALL 12,500 OR LESS (Less than 12,500
pounds - FAA) LIGHT (Less than 15,000 pounds - ICAO) 25 MPH VELOCITY B727 DC8 DC10 Takeoff Thrust 550 Feet 700 Feet 2100 Feet Breakaway Thrust 200 Feet 400 Feet 850 Feet Idle Thrust 150 Feet 100 Feet 350 Feet. EXAMPLES: UH-1 T-3 T-43 T-37
5 Crew members of a heavy jet should include the term “HEAVY” in their call signs. Example: “REACH 452 HEAVY.” This procedure is not to be used when either the major command or the user determines that association of the term "HEAVY" with the call sign may compromise the assigned mission.
6 For operations conducted behind heavy aircraft, Air Traffic Control will specify the word "HEAVY" when this information is known.
7 Controllers will, when utilizing Radar separation:
a Provide separation for IFR aircraft operating directly behind, or directly behind and less than 1,000 feet below, or following an aircraft conducting an instrument approach by:
(1)
FAA: Heavy behind heavy - 4 miles Large/heavy behind B757 - 4 miles Small behind B757 - 5 miles Small/large behind heavy - 5 miles
(2)
ICAO: Heavy behind Heavy - 4 miles Medium behind Heavy - 5 miles Light behind Heavy - 6 miles Light behind Medium - 5 miles
b Provide separation of IFR aircraft on final for the same runway will be provided the following separation at the time the preceding aircraft is over the landing threshold.
(1)
FAA: Small behind large - 4 miles Small behind B757- 5 miles Small behind heavy - 6 miles
(2)
ICAO: Heavy behind Heavy - 4 miles Medium behind Heavy - 5 miles Light behind Heavy - 6 miles Light behind Medium - 5 miles
8 Additionally, appropriate time or distance intervals are provided to departing aircraft when controllers utilize Non-Radar procedures.
a FAA:
(1)
Two minutes or the appropriate 4 or 5 mile radar separation when takeoff behind a heavy/B757 jet will be.
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