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LOST COMMUNICATION/TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION FAILURE - Loss of the ability to communicate by radio. Aircraft are sometimes incorrectly referenced to as NORDO (No Radio). Standard pilot procedures are specified in Federal Air Regulations Part 91. Radar controllers issue procedures for pilots to follow in the event of lost communications during a radar approach, when weather reports indicate that an aircraft will likely encounter Instrument Flight Rules weather conditions during the approach. (Refer to Federal Air Regulations Part 91)
LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAY STRUCTURE/FEDERAL AIRWAYS - The network of airways serving aircraft operations up to but not include 18,000 feet mean sea level. (See Airway)
LOW ALTITUDE ALERT, CHECK YOUR ALTITUDE IMMEDIATELY - (See Safety Alert)
LOW ALTITUDE ALERT SYSTEM/LAAS - An automated function of the TPX-42 that alerts the controller when a Mode C transponder-equipped aircraft on an Instrument Flight Rules flight plan is below a predetermined Minimum Safe Altitude. If requested by the pilot, LAAS monitoring is also available to Visual Flight Rules Mode C transponder-equipped aircraft.
LOW APPROACH - An approach over an airport or runway following an instrument approach or a Visual Flight Rules approach including the go - around maneuver where the pilot intentionally does not make contact with the runway.
LOW FREQUENCY/LF - The frequency band between 30 and 300 kilohertz.
LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR ALERT SYSTEM/LLWAS (AIM) - A system which detects the presence of low-level wind shear by continuously comparing the winds measured by sensors around the periphery of an airport with the wind measured at the center field location. An excessive difference between the sensors indicates a wind shear is probable. When this condition exists, the tower will provide aircraft with an advisory of the situation. Example-Delta one twenty four center field wind two seven zero at one zero. South boundary wind one four zero at three zero.
NOTE - Sensors are not all associated with specific runways, and descriptions of the remote sites are based on an eight point compass system. Airports equipped with this system will be shown in the Enroute Supplement under Remarks.
MACH NUMBER (P/CG) - The ratio of True Airspeed to the speed of sound, e.g., MACH .82, MACH 1.6. (See Airspeed)
MACH NUMBER (JCS, NATO) - The ratio of the velocity of a body to that of sound in the surrounding medium.
MACH TECHNIQUE (ICAO) - Describes a control technique used by air traffic control whereby turbojet aircraft operating successively along suitable routes are cleared to maintain appropriate MACH numbers for a relevant portion of the enroute phase of flight. The principle objective is to achieve improved utilization of the airspace and to ensure that separation between successive aircraft does not decrease below the established minima.
MAGNETIC VARIATION - The angular difference between true North and magnetic North.
MAINTAIN -
(1)
Concerning altitude/Flight Level, the term means to remain at the altitude/Flight Level specified. The phrase "climb and” or “descend and” normally precedes “maintain” and the altitude assignment, e.g., “descend and maintain 5000".

(2)
Concerning other Air Traffic Control instructions, the term is used in its literal sense, e.g., maintain Visual Flight Rules.

MAKE SHORT APPROACH - Used by Air Traffic Control to inform a pilot to alter his traffic pattern so as to make a short final approach. (See Traffic Pattern)
MANDATORY ALTITUDE - An altitude depicted on an Instrument Approach Procedure Chart requiring the aircraft to maintain altitude at the depicted value.
MANDATORY TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY/MTAF (NGA) - A mandatory frequency designed for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an aerodrome when the control tower is closed, uncontrolled airport, or within a designated area. The MTAF may be a UNICOM, MULTICOM, Flight Service Station or tower frequency. The MTAF is used when within 15 nautical miles and below 5000 feet above ground level unless otherwise noted.
　
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