(b)
Holding patterns at Navy airfields only - 230 KIAS maximum all altitudes unless otherwise depicted.

(c) Copter/STOL only approaches 100 KIAS.

(2)
HOLDING (FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION).

(a)
Whenever an aircraft is cleared to a fix other than the destination airport and delay is expected, it is the responsibility of the Air Traffic Control controller to issue complete holding instructions (unless the pattern is charted*), an Expect Further Clearance time and the best estimate of any additional enroute/terminal delay.

(b)
If the holding pattern is charted and the controller doesn't issue complete holding instructions, the pilot is expected to hold as depicted on the appropriate chart.* Holding instructions that contain only the holding direction (i.e., "Hold East") inform pilots that the pattern is charted.

*NOTE: Only those holding patterns depicted on United States Government Low/High Altitude Enroute, Area/Terminal charts or STARs should be used.
(c)
If no holding pattern is charted and holding instructions have not been issued, ask Air Traffic Control for holding instructions prior to reaching the fix. This procedure will eliminate the possibility of entering a holding pattern other than that desired by Air Traffic Control. If unable to obtain holding instructions prior to reaching the fix (due to frequency congestion, stuck microphone, etc.), hold in a standard pattern on the course on which you approach the fix and request further clearance as soon as possible. In this event, the altitude/Flight Level of the aircraft at the clearance limit will be protected so that separation will be provided as required.

(d)
When an aircraft is 3 minutes or less from a clearance limit and a clearance beyond the fix has not been received, the pilot is expected to start a speed reduction in order to cross the fix at or below the maximum holding airspeed.

(e)
When no delay is expected, the controller should issue a clearance beyond the fix as soon as possible and, whenever possible, at least 5 minutes before the aircraft reaches the clearance limit.

(f)
Pilots should report to Air Traffic Control the time and altitude/Flight Level at which the aircraft reaches the clearance limit and report leaving the clearance limit.

(g)
Patterns at the most generally used holding fixes are depicted (charted) on United States Government Low or High Altitude Enroute, Area/Terminal charts and STARs. Pilots are expected to hold in the pattern depicted unless specifically advised otherwise by Air Traffic Control.

(h)
An Air Traffic Control clearance requiring an aircraft to hold at a fix where the pattern is not charted will include the following information:

1 Direction of holding from the fix in terms of the eight cardinal compass points (i.e., North, Northeast, East, Southeast, etc.).
2 Holding fix (the fix may be omitted if included at the beginning of the transmission as the clearance limit).
3 Radial, course, bearing, airway or route on which the aircraft is to hold.
4 Leg length in miles if Distant Measuring Equipment or Area Navigation is to be used (leg length will be specified in minutes on pilot request or if the controller considers it necessary).
5 Direction of turn if left turns are to be made, the pilot requests, or the controller considers it necessary.
6 Time to expect further clearance and any pertinent additional delay information.
(i) For additional holding procedures, see applicable service directives.
NOTE: In the event of two-way communications failure, comply with procedures in the Flight Information Handbook.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

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