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Reduced attention ( tunnel vision ) in abnormal or high-workload conditions;

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Incorrect CRM techniques (e.g., absence of cross-checking,  crew coordination or effective backup);

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Company policies (e.g., regarding schedules, costs, go-around and diversion);

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Other policies (e.g., crew duty time);

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Personal desires or constraints (e.g., schedule, mission completion);

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Complacency; and,

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Overconfidence (e.g., high time on aircraft type).

These factors may be used to assess company and/or personal exposure, and to develop corresponding prevention strategies and lines -of-defense.
Summary of Key Points
SOPs should include and emphasize aspects that are involved frequently in approach-and-landing accidents.
Company policies, technical training and CRM training programs, line checks and line audits should:
.  
Promote strict adherence to SOPs; and,

.  
Identify and address the reasons for intentional or inadvertent deviations from SOPs.

Associated Briefing Notes
The following Briefing Notes should be reviewed along with the above general information in order to revisit all the aspects associated with standard operating procedures:
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1.2 - Optimum Use of Automation,

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1.3 - Operations Golden Rules,

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1.4 - Standard Calls,

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1.5 - Use of Normal Checklists,

Standard Operating Procedures
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 Flight Operations Support
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1.6 - Approach and Go-around Briefings,

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2.1 -HF Issues in Approach and Landing Accidents,

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2.2 - CRM Issues in Approach and Landing Accidents.

Regulatory References
.  
ICAO – Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft, Part I – International Commercial Air transport – Aeroplanes, Appendix 2, 5.9.

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ICAO – Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Aircraft Operations (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168), Volume I – Flight procedures (Post Amendment No 11, applicable Nov.1/2001).

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ICAO – Manual of All-Weather Operations (Doc 9365).

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ICAO – Preparation of an Operations Manual (Doc 9376).

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FAR 91.3 – Responsibility and authority of the pilot-in-command (emergency authority).

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FAR 121.133 – Preparation of Manuals,

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FAR 121.135 – Contents of Manuals,

Getting to Grips withApproach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
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FAA AC 120-71 -Standard Operating Procedures for Flightdeck Crew Members (Draft).

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FAA AC 120-48 – Communications and Coordination between Flight Crewmembers and Flight Attendants.

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FAA AC 120-51 – Crew Resource Management Training.

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FAA AC 120-54 – Advance Qualification Training.

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FAA AC 120-71 – Standard Operating Procedures for Flight Deck Crewmembers.

.  
FAA AC 121-32 – Dispatch Resource Management Training.

.  
JAR-OPS 1.1040 and associated Interpretative and Explanatory Material (IEM) – General Rules for Operations Manuals.

.  
JAR-OPS 1.1045 and associated Appendix 1, Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Interpretative and Explanatory Material (IEM) – Operations Manual – structure and contents.

Standard Operating Procedures
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