曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

When OAT is significantly warmer or colder than the standard temperature, the indicated altitude is higher or lower than the true altitude (as illustrated by Figure 1.
                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

In low temperature, the true altitude is lower than the indicated altitude, resulting in a lower-than-anticipated terrain separation and in a possible terrain clearance hazard (as illustrated by Figure 1, for a – 40 degree Celsius OAT).
True
Altitude

2000 ft
1600 ft High OAT Standard OAT Low OAT

Figure 1
                 Effect of OAT on True Altitude

Flying into low temperature has the same effect as flying into a low-pressure area; the aircraft is lower than the altimeter indicates.
These effects are summarized and illustrated in Table 2, featuring a well-known aviation golden rule:

Atmospheric Pressure  High  Low  Look out below 
OAT  Warm  Cold 

Table 2

Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature Effects on True Altitude

Terrain Awareness – When and How ?
Page 6

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
    Flight Operations Support

Airport charts:
Review and discuss the following terrain-awareness-items using the airport charts:
.  
Approach and runway lighting, and other expected visual references; and,

.  
Specific hazards (such as man-made obstacles, as applicable).

If another airport is located in the close vicinity of the destination airport, relevant details or procedures should be discussed for awareness purposes.
Use of automation:
Discuss the intended use of automation for vertical and lateral navigation:
.  
Use of FMS-managed guidance or selected modes; and,

.  
Use of precision approach, constant-angle or step-down non-precision approach, as required.

Descent Management and Monitoring
Before entering the terminal area (TMA), check the FMS navigation accuracy (using navaids raw data) against the applicable criteria for terminal or approach navigation.
If the accuracy criteria for lateral FMS navigation in terminal area and/or for approach are not met, revert to a selected lateral mode with ND in ROSE or ARC mode.
If flying with IRS ONLY navigation, do not descend below the sector MSA without positive confirmation of the aircraft position, using navaids raw data.
Standard Arrival - STAR
Be aware of whether or not the arrival is radar-monitored by the ATC.
Maintaining a sterile cockpit when below 10 000 ft or below the sector minimum safe altitude (MSA), particularly at night or in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).
                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
　
中國航空網 www.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(97)