.  
Effect of fatigue and absence of countermeasures to restore the level of vigilance and alertness; and/or,

.  
Reluctance to accept the influence of human factors and CRM issues in approach-and-landing incidents or accidents.

crew, and maintenance personnel). CRM skills effectively:
.  
Relieve the effects of pressures, interruptions and distractions; 

.  
Provide benchmarks for timely decision-making; and,

.  
Provide safeguards for effective error-management, thus minimizing the effects of working errors.

Associated Briefing Notes
The following Briefing Notes provide expanded information to complement the above discussion:
.  
1.1 - Operating Philosophy - SOPs,

.  
1.2 – Optimum use of Automation,

.  
1.3 - Operations Golden Rules,

.  
1.4 - Standard Calls,

.  
1.5 – Use of Normal Checklists,

.  
1.6 - Approach and Go-around Briefings,

.  
2.1 - Human Factors in Approach-and-         Landing Accidents,

.  
2.3 - Effective Crew/ATC Communications,

.  
2.4 - Intra-cockpit Communications –         Managing Interruptions and        Distractions in the Cockpit.

CRM Issues in Approach and Landing Accidents
Page 4

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Regulatory References
.  
ICAO – Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft, Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes, Appendix 2, 5.15, 5.21 and 5.22.

.  
ICAO – Procedures for Air Navigation Services

– Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services (PANS-RAC, Doc 9432).

.  
ICAO – Procedures for Air navigation Services – Aircraft operations (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168), Volume I – Flight Procedures (Post Amendment No 11, applicable Nov.1/2001).

.  
ICAO – Accident Prevention Manual (Doc 9422).

.  
ICAO – Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683).

.  
ICAO – Human Factors Digest No 8 – Human Factors in Air Traffic Control (Circular 241).

.  
FAR 121.406, 121.419, 121.421 or 121.422 -CRM Training for pilots, cabin crew and aircraft dispatchers.

.  
FAA – AC 60-22 – Aeronautical Decision Making.

.  
JAR-OPS 1.945, 1.955 or 1.965 -CRM Training.

                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

CRM Issues in Approach and Landing Accidents
Page 5

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