Inquiry and Advocacy
Flightcrews often are faced with ATC requests that are either:
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Not understood (e.g., being assigned an altitude below the sector MSA, when the minimum vectoring altitude is not published); or,

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Challenging (e.g., being requested to fly higher and/or faster than desired or to take a shorter routing than desired).

Flight crews should not accept such instructions without requesting clarification or being sure that they can comply safely with the ATC instructions.
Briefings
Effective and interactive briefings enhance crew coordination and preparedness for planned actions or unexpected occurrences, by creating a common mental model of the approach.
Time Management
Taking time to make time, developing multi-tasking ability and ensuring task prioritization are essential factors in staying ahead of the aircraft.
Briefing Note 1.3 - Operations Golden Rules describes the various steps of a typical tactical-decision-making model, for use in time-critical situations.
Interruptions and Distractions
Coping with unexpected distraction, disturbance and contingency in the cockpit requires the use of techniques to lessen the effects of any disruption in the flow of on-going cockpit activities.
Flight crews should “ expect the unexpected ”.

CRM Issues in Approach and Landing Accidents
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Error Management
Error-management training and techniques should be considered at company level and at personal level.
Approach-and-Landing Briefing Notes list and discuss the relevant influence factors (i.e., error factors) in order to identify or suggest the development of associated:
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Company prevention strategies; and,

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Personal lines-of-defenses.

The most critical aspect in discussing error management is not the initial error or deviation but the failure to detect this error or deviation, by mutual monitoring and backup.
Risk Management
For the flight crew, risk management consists in assessing the effects of potential hazards on the safe conduct of the flight and in finding ways to avoid these hazards or to minimize their effects.
Risk management should be seen as a balanced management of priorities.
Risk management sometimes is described as opposing:
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A sure inconvenience (e.g., associated with a go-around or a diversion); against,

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A probable-only risk (e.g., risk associated with an unstabilized approach to a long and dry runway).

A practical and safety-oriented method of risk management is entirely contained in the concept and techniques of tactical-decision-making (refer to
Briefing Note 1.3 – Operations Golden Rules ).
Decision Making
SOPs sometimes are perceived as limiting the flightcrew’s judgement and decision.
Without denying the captain’s emergency authority, SOPs are safeguards against biased decision-making.
                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Effective flightcrew decision-making requires a joint evaluation of possible options prior to proceeding with an agreed-upon decision and action.
　
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