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How often the crewmembers have flown together.

This Briefing Note provides generic guidelines for conducting effective and productive briefings.
Statistical Data
The quality of approach and go-around briefings is observed as a causal factor in approximately 50 % of approach-and-landing accident, by affecting:
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Understanding of prevailing conditions;

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Horizontal or vertical situational awareness; and,

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Crew coordination.

Briefing Techniques
The importance of briefing techniques often is underestimated, although effective briefings contribute to enhance crew standardization and communication.

The style and tone of the briefing play an important role; interactive briefings – i.e., confirming the agreement and understanding of the PNF after each phase of the briefing – provides more effective and productive briefings than an uninterrupted recitation terminated by the final query “ Any question ? “.
Interactive briefings better fulfill an important purpose of the briefings: to provide the PF and PNF with an opportunity to correct each other
(e.g., confirming use of the correct and effective approach chart, confirming correct setup of navaids for the assigned landing runway, etc).
Briefings should be structured (i.e., follow the logical sequence of the approach and landing) and concise.
The routine and formal repetition of the same points on each sector may become counterproductive; adapting and expanding the briefing by highlighting the special aspects of the approach or the actual weather conditions and circumstances result in more lively and effective briefings.
In short, the briefing should attract the PNF’s attention.
The briefing should therefore be conducted when the workload and availability of the PNF permit an effective briefing.
Any aspect that may affect normal operation (e.g., system failures, weather conditions or other particular conditions) should be carefully evaluated and discussed.
The briefing should help both the PF (giving the briefing) and the PNF (receiving and acknowledging the briefing) to understand the sequence of events and actions, as well as the special hazards and circumstances of the approach (i.e., by creating a common mental model of the approach).
Approach and Go-around Briefing(s)
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Whether anticipated or not, changes in an air traffic control (ATC) clearance, weather conditions or landing runway require reviewing part of the initial briefing.
Timeliness of Briefings
Rushing during descent and approach is a significant factor in approach-and-landing incidents and accidents.
To prevent any rush in initiating the descent and increased workload in conducting the approach, the descent preparation and the approach and go-around briefings typically should be completed 10 minutes before reaching the top-of-descent.
Scope of Briefings
The approach and go-around briefings should cover the following generic aspects of the approach and landing, including a possible missed approach and a second approach or diversion:
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Approach conditions (i.e., weather and runway conditions, special hazards);

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Lateral and vertical navigation (i.e., intended use of automation);

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Instrument approach procedure details;

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Communications;

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Non-normal procedures, as applicable; and,

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Review and discussion of approach-and-landing hazards.

These aspects are expanded and discussed in details in this Briefing Note.
Approach Briefing
FMS pages and ND should be used to guide and illustrate the briefing, and to confirm the various data entries.
　
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