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Filtering Communications
Because of other flight deck duties, pilots tend to filter communications, listening primarily to communications that begin by their aircraft call sign and not hearing most other communications.
For workload reasons, controllers also may filter communications (e.g., not hearing or responding to a pilot readback, while engaged in issuing clearances/instructions to other aircraft or ensuring internal coordination).
To maintain situational awareness, this filtering / selection process should be adapted, according to the flight phase, for more effective listening.
For example, whenever occupying an active runway (e.g., while back-tracking or holding into position) or when conducting a final approach to an assigned runway, the pilot’s should listen and give attention to all communications related to this runway.
Timeliness of Communications
Deviating from an ATC clearance may be required for operational reasons (e.g., performing a heading or altitude deviation for weather avoidance, inability to meet a restriction).
Both the pilot and the controller need time to accommodate this deviation; therefore ATC should be notified as early as possible to obtain a timely acknowledgement.
Effective Pilot / Controller Communications
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AIRBUS INDUSTRIE                                                                                       Getting to Grips with
    Flight Operations Support                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Similarly, when about to enter a known non-radar-controlled flight information region (FIR), contacting the new air route traffic control center (ARTCC), approximately 10 minutes before reaching the FIR boundary, may prevent misunderstandings or less-than-required separations.
Blocked Transmissions ( simultaneous communications )
Blocked transmissions often are the result of not immediately releasing the push-to-talk switch after a communication.
An excessive pause in a message (i.e., holding the push-to-talk switch while preparing the next item of the transmission) also may result in blocking part of the response or part of another message.
Simultaneous transmission of communications by two stations (i.e., two aircraft or one aircraft and ATC) results in one of the two (or both) transmissions being blocked and unheard by the other stations (or being heard as a buzzing sound or as a squeal).
The absence of readback (from the pilot) or the absence of hearback acknowledgement (from the controller) should be considered as an indication of a blocked transmission and, thus, prompt a request to repeat or confirm the information.
Blocked transmissions are responsible for many altitude deviations, missed turnoffs and takeoffs and landings without clearances.
Communicating with ATC on Specific Events
The following events or encounters should be reported as soon as practical to ATC, stating the nature of the event or encounter, the actions taken and the flight crew’s further intentions (as applicable):
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TCAS resolution advisory (RA) events;

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Severe turbulence encounter;

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Volcanic ash encounter;

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Windshear or microburst encounter; and,

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GPWS/TAWS terrain avoidance maneuver.
　
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