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Night time  75 % 
IMC  59 % 
Darkness or twilight  53 % 
Non-precision approach or visual approach  53 % 
Precipitation ( rain or snow )  50 % 
Absence of radar service  50 % 
Adverse wind (high crosswind, tail wind or wind shear)  33 % 
Absence of GPWS or radio altimeter  29 % 
Absence of letdown navaid, approach/runway lighting or VASI / PAPI  21 % 
Spatial disorientation or visual illusions  21 % 
Runway contamination (standing water, slush, snow or ice)  18 % 

Table 1
All Approach-and-Landing Events

 

Approach Hazards Awareness – General
Page 1

% of Events 
Low visibility  71 % 
Hilly or mountainous terrain  67 % 

Table 2
CFIT Events

% of Events 
Low visibility  73 % 
Adverse wind conditions  67 % 

Table 3
Runway Excursions and Overruns

Awareness Program Outline
A company awareness program on approach-and-landing hazards should review and discuss the following factors that may contribute to approach-and-landing accidents.
When preparing and briefing an approach, these factors may be either:
.  
Known from the crew (by means of NOTAMs, dispatcher’s briefing, ATIS, etc) and, thus, may be briefed and accounted for; or,

.  
Unknown and, thus, be discovered as the approach-and-landing progresses

Aircraft Equipment
.  Use (or absence) of the following safety-enhancing equipment: . GPWS; . TAWS; . TCAS;
. Wind shear warning and guidance; and/or, . Predictive windshear system.

Flight Crew
.  Fatigue – reduced awareness:
.  Long duty time: °. Long-haul operation; or, °. Short-haul or medium-haul / multiple-
legs operation;

.  
Unfamiliar airport; and/or,

.  
Unfamiliar instrument or visual approach procedure.

Expected Approach
.  
Step-down non-precision approach or circling approach with no VASI / PAPI;

.  
Visual approach in darkness; and/or,

.  
Anticipated last-minute runway change.

Approach Charts
.  
Absence of a published STAR;

.  
Missed-approach possible conflict with takeoff on intersecting runways; and/or,

.  
Incorrect or missing information.

Airport Information Services
.  
Inaccurate TAF information;

.  
Absence of current weather reports;

.  
Absence of  VOLMET;

.  
Absence of ATIS (or of English version of ATIS message); and/or,

.  
Inaccurate or outdated ATIS information (absence of regular ATIS update, when required).

Airport Air Traffic Control Services
.  
Absence or primary and/or secondary surveillance radar;

.  
Inadequate or ineffective radar vectoring practices;

 

Approach Hazards Awareness – General
Page 2

.  
Inadequate or non-standard air traffic control procedures;

.  
Inadequate air traffic flow management;

.  
Mixing of IFR and VFR traffics;

.  
Frequent uncontrolled VFR traffics in airport vicinity;

.  
Frequency congestion / controller overload caused by high density traffic or by a single controller operating tower and ground frequencies;

.  
Absence of adequate VHF coverage in known FIR or TMA sectors;

.  
Inadequate coordination between international and domestic FIRs;

.  
Absence of or failure to use landline communications between two close airports; and/or,
　
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