.  
Effective CRM practices; and,

.  
Personal lines-of-defense.

2.2 - CRM Issues in Approach-and-landing       Accidents
CRM issues are involved to some degree in every incident or accident (e.g., non-adherence to procedures, interaction with automated systems).
The minimum content of CRM training is defined by regulations but airlines should consider additional CRM training to account for specific requirements, such as multi-cultural flight crews and/or different areas of operation.
CRM practices optimize the performance of the entire crew (i.e., including flight crew and cabin crew, and maintenance personnel).
CRM skills contribute to:
.  
Relieve the effects of pressures, interruptions and distractions; 

.  
Provide benchmarks for timely decision-making; and,

.  
Provide safeguards for effective error management, thus minimizing the effects of working errors.

2.3 - Effective Pilot/Controller Communications
Achieving effective pilot/controller communications requires a global approach; the importance of the following key points should be emphasized:
.  
Recognition and understanding of pilots’ and controllers’ respective working environments and constraints;

.  
Disciplined use of standard phraseology;

.  
Strict adherence to pilot / controller communication loop: pilot’s feedback (readback) / controller’s confirmation (hearback );

.  
Alertness to request clarification or confirmation, when in doubt;

.  
Readiness to question an incorrect clearance or an inadequate instruction;

Briefing Notes Summary
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AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
    Flight Operations Support
.  
Preventing simultaneous transmissions;

.  
Adapting listening of party-line communications as a function of the flight phase; and,

.  
Adopting clear, concise and adapted communications in an emergency situation.

2.4 - Intra-Cockpit Communications –         Managing Interruptions and Distractions
Omission of an action or an inappropriate action is the most frequent causal factor in approach-and-landing accidents.
Interruptions and distractions usually result from the following factors:
.  
Pilot/controller or intra-cockpit communications (including flight crew / cabin crew communications);

.  
Head-down work; or,

.  
Responding to an abnormal condition or to an unanticipated situation.

Prevention strategies and lines-of-defense should be developed to minimize interruptions and distractions and to lessen their consequences.
Strict adherence to the following standards is the most effective prevention strategy:
.  
SOPs;

.  
Operations Golden Rules;

.  
Sterile-cockpit rule; and,

.  
Recovery techniques, such as:

. Identify – ask – decide – act; and,
. Prioritize – plan – verify.
                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
　
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