.  
Strict adherence to SOPs for FMS setup;

.  
Crosscheck of all data entries by both crewmembers;

.  
Use of PFD, ND and FMS CDU to support and illustrate the descent, approach and go-around briefings;

.  
Confirmation of FMS navigation accuracy, before defining the use of automation for the descent and approach (i.e., FMS modes or selected modes);

.  
Review of terrain awareness data and other approach hazards; and,

.  
Use of typical guidelines for descent-profile planning, monitoring and adjustment.

4.2 - Energy Management during Approach
Inability to assess or manage the aircraft energy level during the approach often is cited as a cause of unstabilized approaches.
Either a deficit of energy (being low and/or slow) or an excess of energy (being high and/or fast) may result in approach-and-landing accidents, such as:
.  
Loss of control;

.  
Landing short;

.  
Hard landing;

.  
Tail strike;

.  
Runway excursion; and/or,

.  
Runway overrun.

A deceleration below the final approach speed should be accepted only in the following cases:

.  
GPWS/TAWS terrain avoidance maneuver;

.  
Collision avoidance maneuver; and,

.  
Wind shear recovery and escape procedure.

Briefing Notes Summary
Page 6

Nevertheless, in all three cases, the thrust levers must be advanced to the maximum thrust (i.e., go-around thrust) while initiating the maneuver.

5 - Approach Hazards Awareness
5.1  - Approach Hazards Awareness - General
A company awareness program on approach-and-landing hazards should review and discuss the following factors that may contribute to approach-and-landing accidents:
.  
Flight crew fatigue;

.  
Type of approach;

.  
Approach charts;

.  
Airport information services;

.  
Airport air traffic control services;

.  
Airport equipment;

.  
Terrain and man-made obstacles;

.  
Visual illusions;

.  
Visibility;

.  
Wind conditions;

.  
Runway condition;

.  
Runway and taxiways markings;

.  
Low temperature operation; and,

.  
Bird-strike hazards.

Flight crews should be aware of the compounding nature of these hazards during approach and landing.
5.2 - Terrain Awareness
Terrain awareness is defined as the combined awareness and knowledge of:
.  
Aircraft position;

.  
Aircraft altitude;

.  
Applicable minimum safe altitude (MSA);

.  
Terrain location and features; and,

.  
Other hazards.

When and how to build and maintain terrain awareness ?
The following recommendations and guidelines should be used to develop company strategies and actions enhancing terrain awareness:
Approach charts
Providing flight crews with departure and approach charts featuring terrain with color-shaded contours.
Altimeter-setting procedures
See 3.1 – Altimeter setting – Use of radio Altimeter.
Flight progress monitoring
The following best practices need to be emphasized:
.  
Monitoring and cross-checking FMS guidance and navigation accuracy;

.  
Monitoring instruments and navaids raw data;

.  
Using all available information available (cockpit displays, navaids raw data and charts); and,
　
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