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B3  Communicates clearly, accurately and  Distinguish between process and 
Presents  adequately.  content outcomes 
knowledge  Creates and sustains realism in the detail. Maintains interest.  Ways to elicit participation. Methods of giving information/adult learning styles Presentation techniques and visual aids 
B4 Facilitates learning and coaches individuals  Encourages trainees to get involved. Focus is on trainees not themselves. Overtly supportive of CRM principles in word and deed (ie, role models good CRM). Motivating, patient, confident and assertive manner. Uses exercises and activities to maximise learning. Recognises and responds to individuals needs. Encourages mutual support, teamwork and sharing of individual learning experiences.  Facilitation How to give constructive debriefing and feedback The difference between coaching and demonstration/instruction Group dynamics Group facilitation techniques 
C1 Monitors and reviews progress  Continuously monitors and responds to flexibly to the training session. Ensures objectives are achieved Reviews progress with trainees against formal benchmarks.  Methods of tracking performance 
C2 Assesses trainees performance  Assists trainees to assess own individual and team performance against CRM standards. Sets new/additional learning objectives.  Uses of video playback and debriefing to facilitate learning Methods of assessing knowledge and skills 
D1 Evaluates CRM training sessions  Elicits feedback from trainees. Tracks training session processes against agreed criteria Elicits formal course evaluation from trainees Keeps appropriate records.  Methods of assessing and improving session effectiveness Evaluation techniques 
D2 Evaluates and develops own practice  Regularly reviews own performance, strengths and development needs. Collects feedback about performance from others. Keeps abreast of developments from Regulator, trade press, etc. Maintains a written development record against a development plan  Methods of assessing own performance Methods of improving own performance 

Appendix 13 Miscellaneous CRM Topics
1  Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA)
LOSA and CRM are two different things. However, due to the fact that LOSA is often discussed in conjunction with CRM, it was considered appropriate to include a short section describing LOSA and how it relates to CRM, in order to help dispel any misconceptions. Further information on LOSA may be obtained from ICAO. The following text is extracted from the ICAO Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) manual (Doc 9803 AN/761).
1.1  Introduction to LOSA
LOSA is a critical organisational strategy aimed at developing countermeasures to operational errors. It is an organisational tool used to identify threats to aviation safety, minimise the risk such threats may generate and implement measures to manage human error in operational contexts. LOSA enables operators to assess their level of resilience to systemic threats, operational risks, and front-line personnel errors, thus provising a principled, data-driven approach to prioritise and implement actions to enhance safety.
　
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