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4  Practical Notes
The following text has been extracted from Doc 29 (Appendix 16) and JARTEL WP5 and WP7:
4.1  Situation Awareness
4.1.1  Awareness of aircraft systems The crew needs to be constantly aware of the state of different aircraft systems. Examples of poor practice:
.
Does not ask for updates;

.
Does not signal awareness of changing systems.

Examples of good practice:

.
Monitors and reports changes in system states;

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Acknowledges entries and changes to systems.

4.1.2 Awareness of external environment
The crew needs to be aware of their environment (position, weather, air traffic,
terrain).
Examples of poor practice:

.
Does not acknowledge - repeat ATC directions;

.
Does not enquire about environmental changes;

.
Does not comment on relevant environmental factors, or is surprised by them. Examples of good practice:

.
Collects information about the environment;

.
Contacts outside resources when necessary;

.
Shares information about the environment with others.

 

4.1.3 Awareness of time
The crew needs not only to be aware of the present state of the aircraft systems and environment, but must also be able to predict future states in order to anticipate future events.
Examples of poor practice:
.
Does not set priorities with respect to time limits;

.
Does not discuss relationship between past events and present - future;

.
Is surprised by outcomes of past events.
Examples of good practice:

.
Discusses contingency strategies;

.
Identifies possible - future problems.

 

 

5 Initial Training and Objectives
Initial training should introduce the concept of SA and illustrate the dangers of poor SA (possibly using well-known incidents and accidents). Factors which contribute to good and bad SA should be covered.

6 Recurrent Training and Objectives
Good SA acquisition needs to be trained as a skill, ideally using a simulator (see below for methods). Team skills are important in ensuring that the crew as a whole have the correct perception of aircraft and environment status, and to avoid each individual crew member having their own (incorrect) SA. Good communication skills and procedures are necessary in ensuring that all pertinent information is shared between the crew.

Examples and Suggested Training Material
Mica Endsley, of SA Technologies Inc, advocates SA training in the simulator, where scenarios are stopped mid way in order to ascertain the flight crews' SA. In this way, if individuals are failing to take in information from certain sources, or to understand that information, this can be pointed out at an early stage during the simulation exercise allowing them more opportunity to correct their working methods as the scenario progresses. If debriefing is left until the end of a LOFT exercise, as is traditional, the trainer may not be aware of where the SA deficiencies lie, since the flight crew may have acquired all the necessary information eventually, albeit not very efficiently. Further information on Mica Endsley's SA training techniques can be found on her website www.satechnologies.com.
　
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本文鏈接地址：CAP 737 Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training 機組資源管理培訓(67)