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LOSA uses expert and highly trained observers to collect data about flight crew behaviour and situational factors on "normal" flights. The audits are conducted under strict no-jeopardy conditions; therefore flight crews are not held accountable for their actions and errors that are observed. During flights that are being audited, observers record and code potential threats to safety; how the threats are addressed; the errors such threats generate; how flight crews manage these errors; and specific behaviours that have been known to be associated with accidents and incidents.
LOSA is closely linked with CRM training. Since CRM is essentially error management training for operational personnel, data from LOSA form the basis for contemporary CRM training refocus and/or design known as Threat and Error Management training (TREM). Data from LOSA also provide a real-time picture of system operations that can guide organisational strategies in regard to safety, training and operations. A particular strength of LOSA is that it identifies examples of superior performance that can be reinforced and used as models for training. In this way, training interventions can be reshaped and reinforced based on successful performance, that is to say, positive feedback.
1.2  LOSA References and Useful Additional Reading a) Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA). ICAO Doc 9803 AN/761. 2002. b) The LOSA Experience; Safety Audits on the Flight Deck. ICAO Journal V 57, no 4.
2002.
c) Proceedings of the First LOSA Week; Cathay City, Hong Kong. March 2001. ICAO
d) Proceedings of the Second LOSA Week; Panama City, Panama. November 2001.
ICAO. e) Proceedings of the First TREM workshop. San Salvador, El Salavador. May 2002. ICAO.

2  Advanced CRM (ACRM)
The information in this Section has been extracted directly from the FAA document: Developing Advanced Crew Resource Management (ACRM) Training: a Training
Manual 1998. Seamster T., Boehm-Davis, D., Holt, R., Schulz, K.
A copy may be downloaded from www.hf.faa.gov/docs/DACRMT.pdf (size 2.5 MB).

2.1 Definition
Advanced Crew Resource Management - a comprehensive implementation package including CRM procedures, training of the instructor/evaluators, training of the crews, a standardised assessment of crew performance, and an ongoing implementation process providing an integrated form of CRM by incorporating CRM practices with normal and emergency SOPs.

2.2 Introduction
Part 1 of the ACRM Manual explains the background of ACRM training and describes the main elements for developing an ACRM training program. The last section in this part outlines the major benefits of developing and implementing ACRM training. That section should be particularly useful for those needing justification for implementing ACRM.
Part 1 was written for those not familiar with ACRM training and its elements. Those with knowledge of or experience with ACRM can jump to Part 2, Guiding the Organisation, or Part 3, Developing CRM Procedures.
　
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