It is the task of Human Factors training to prevent or minimise communication errors. This task includes the explanation of common communication problems as well as the reinforcement of a standard of language to ensure the error-free transmission of a message and its correct interpretation. Ambiguous, misleading, inappropriate or poorly constructed communication, combined with expectancy, have been listed as elements of many accidents, the most notorious one being the double 747 disaster in Tenerife.

Leadership/ Followership
The following text has been adapted from ICAO HF Digest No. 1: Fundamental Human Factors Concepts. ICAO Circular 216-AN/131.
A leader is a person whose ideas and actions influence the thought and the behaviour of others. Through the use of example and persuasion, and an understanding of the goals and desires of the group, the leader becomes a means of change and influence.
It is important to establish the difference between leadership, which is acquired, and authority, which is assigned. An optimal situation exists when the two are combined. Leadership involves teamwork, and the quality of a leader depends on the success of the leader’s relationship with the team. Leadership skills should be developed for all through proper training; such training is essential in aircraft operations where junior crew members are sometimes called upon to adopt a leadership role throughout the normal performance of their duties. This may occur when the co-pilot must take over from an absent or incapacitated captain, or when a junior flight attendant must control the passengers in a particular cabin section.
Skilled leadership may be needed to understand and handle various situations. For instance, personality and attitude clashes within a crew complicate the task of a leader and can influence both safety and efficiency. Aircraft accident and incident investigations have demonstrated that personality differences influence the behaviour and performance of crew members. Other situations requiring skilled leadership may be rooted in the frustrations of first officers over slow promotions, or of pilots who are employed as flight engineers.
Both leadership and followership are essentially skills which can be learnt. The skills are similar but in the case of the follower they should be exercised in a supporting role that does not attempt to undermine the leader. One upmanship would be a classic case of inappropriate behaviour both for the leader and the follower.

Teams
In most companies, flight crews are not comprised of the same individuals on a regular basis. Teams, therefore, have little opportunity to grow and form over time, and must function effectively from the moment they are formed, perhaps only an hour or so before the flight. It is important, therefore, to have a common understanding among team members as to how they will all be expected to work together as a team, from the outset. Company and operating procedures will cover the functions and actions, but CRM training is needed to show what behaviours and attitudes are expected and to help standardise across the company.
　
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