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The SHEL model might be usefully introduced in this module as one of the possible aids to understanding the interactions between the different components of the system, as well as the potential for conflict and error arising from the various mismatches which can occur in practice.
The SHEL concept (the name being derived from the initial letters of its components, Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware) was first developed by Edwards in 1972, with a modified diagram to illustrate the model developed by Hawkins in 1975. For those familiar with the long-established concept of ”man-machine-environment” (now referred to as ”human-machine-environment”), the following interpretations are suggested: liveware (human), hardware (machine) and software (procedures, symbology, etc.), environment (the situation in which the L-H-S system must function). This building block diagram does not cover the interfaces which are outside Human Factors (hardware-hardware; hardware-environment; software-hardware) and is only intended as a basic aid to understanding Human Factors.

3.2  Module 2: The Human Element (Aviation Physiology) Breathing; recognizing and coping with:
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hypoxia

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hyperventilation
Pressure effects; effects on ears, sinuses and closed cavities of:

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trapped or evolved gases

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decompression

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underwater diving
Limitations of the senses

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visual

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aural

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vestibular

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proprioceptive

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tactile
Acceleration effects; positive and negative ”G’s”

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aggravating conditions
Disorientation

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visual illusions

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vestibular illusions

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coping mechanisms
Fatigue/alertness

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acute

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chronic

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the effects on skill and performance
Sleep disturbances and deficits

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Circadian dysrhythmia/ jet lag

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Personal health
Effects of:

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diet/nutrition

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alcohol

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drugs (including nicotine/caffeine)

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medications (prescribed; over-the-counter)

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blood donations

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aging
Psychological fitness/stress management
Pregnancy

 

3.3  Module 3: The Human Element (Aviation Psychology) Human errors and reliability Workload (attention and information processing)
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perceptual

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cognitive
Information processing

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mind set and habit patterns

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attention and vigilance

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perceptual limitations

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memory
Attitudinal factors

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personality

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motivation
　
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